30 Pivotal Moments in Apples History Essays

Biography of Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th U.S. President

Memoir of Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th U.S. President Lyndon Baines Johnson (Aug. 27, 1908â€Jan. 22, 1973) was a fourth-age Texas farmer, who turned into the 36th President of the United States on the passing of his antecedent John F. Kennedy. He acquired an agonizingly partitioned nation and is known both for his disappointments in Vietnam and his victories with social equality. Quick Facts: Lyndon B. Johnson Known For: 36th President of the United StatesBorn: August 27, 1908, Stonewall, Texas. Parents: Rebekah Baines (1881â€1958) and Samuel Ealy Johnson, Jr. (1877â€1937).Died: January 22, 1973, Stonewall, Texas.Education: Southwest Texas State Teachers College (BS, 1930), considered law at Georgetown University from 1934â€35.Spouse: Claudia Alta Lady Bird Taylor (1912â€2007).Children: Lynda Bird Johnson (b. 1944), Luci Baines Johnson (b. 1947). Early Life Lyndon Johnson was conceived on Aug. 27, 1908, on his dads farm in country southwestern Texas, the first of four kids destined to Samuel Ealy Johnson, Jr. what's more, Rebekah Baines. His dad was a lawmaker, rancher, and intermediary, and Rebekah was a writer who moved on from Baylor University in 1907-an uncommon condition. When Lyndon was conceived, his government official dad was finishing up his second term on the Texas lawmaking body: His folks would proceed to have four additional youngsters, three young ladies, and a kid. Johnson was a fourth-age Texan: at forty years old, Johnsons extraordinary granddad Robert Holmes Bunton came to what was then the Republic of Texas in 1838 to be a cattleman.â Lyndon worked all through his childhood to win cash for the family. His mom instructed him to peruse at an early age. He went to neighborhood government funded schools, moving on from secondary school in 1924. He went through three years going around and working at unspecialized temp jobs before heading off toward the Southwest Texas State Teachers College in San Marcos. Prologue to Politics While Johnson was in school, he functioned as a gofer for the leader of Southwest Texas State, and he was the late spring editorial manager of the understudy paper. He utilized his certifications to go to his first Democratic show in 1928,in Houston, with his then-current sweetheart, who cut off the association right away afterward.â Johnson dropped out of school to take an encouraging activity in a Mexican school in the Cotulla School District, where he was resolved to manufacture a feeling of expectation in the thumped youngsters. He created extracurricular exercises, orchestrated a parent-educator gathering, held spelling honey bees and composed a band, a discussion club and baseball and softball match-ups. Following a year he left and came back to San Marcos and completed his degree in August of 1930.â During the downturn, his family was hit hard. Johnson was a volunteer for Welly Hopkins, who was running for the state senate, and he acquired a vocation showing open talking and business math in Houston. In any case, a situation as what might today be known as a staff executive for a recently chosen Texas congressman Richard Kleberg opened up, and Johnson was tapped to fill it. He showed up in Washington DC on Dec. 7, 1931, which is the place he made his home for the majority of the following 37 years. Marriage and Family As Klebergs secretary, Johnson made a few excursions to and from Texas, and it was on one of those outings that he met Claudia Alta Taylor (1912â€2007), known as Lady Bird, the little girl of a wealthy Texas farmer, and holding degrees in reporting and history from Baylor University. They wedded on Nov. 17, 1934. Together they had two daughters: Lynda Bird Johnson (brought into the world 1944) and Luci Baines Johnson (b. 1947). Political Career and Presidency While in Washington, Johnson campaigned hard for more force, making a couple of foes and not discovering a lot of accomplishment. He was offered an association in an Austin Law firm in the event that he acquired a law degree, thus he took a crack at night classes at Georgetown University. Be that as it may, it didnt suit him and following a year he dropped out.â At the point when he was named the Director of National Youth Administration in Texas (1935â€37), he left Klebergs office. Expanding on that, Johnson was chosen as a U.S. Agent where he served from 1937â€49. While a congressman, he joined the naval force to battle in World War II. He was granted the Silver Star. In 1949, Johnson was chosen for the U.S. Senate, turning into the Democratic Majority Leader in 1955. He served until 1961 when he became Vice-President under John F. Kennedy. On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy was killed and Johnson took over as president. The following year he was assigned to run for the Democratic Party for the administration with Hubert Humphrey as his VP. He was restricted by Barry Goldwater. Johnson would not discuss Goldwater. also, effectively won with 61 percent of the well known vote and 486 of the discretionary votes. Occasions and Accomplishments Johnson made the Great Society programs, which included antipoverty programs, social equality enactment, the formation of Medicare and Medicaid, the section of some ecological security acts, and the making of laws to help ensure purchasers. Three significant pieces of Civil Rightsâ legislation marked into law by Johnson were as per the following: 1. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which didn't allowâ discrimination in employmentâ or in the utilization of open offices. 2. The Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibited prejudicial practices that shielded blacks from casting a ballot. 3. The Civil Rights Act of 1968, which prohibited separation for lodging. Additionally during Johnsons administration, Martin Luther King, Jr. was killed in 1968. As far as concerns her, Lady Bird was a colossal defender of the beautification program to attempt to improve the manner in which America looked. She was additionally a significant sharp businesswoman. She was granted the Medal of Freedom by President Gerald Ford and the Congressional Gold Medal by President Ronald Reagan. The Vietnam Warâ escalated during Johnsons organization. Troop levels which began with 3,500 of every 1965 arrived at 550,000 by 1968. America was separated on the side of the war. America, at long last, didn't get an opportunity of winning. In 1968, Johnson reported he would not run for re-appointment so as to invest energy to get harmony in Vietnam. Be that as it may, harmony would not be accomplished until President Nixonsâ administration. Demise and Legacy Johnson resigned on January 20, 1969, to his farm in Texas. He didn't come back to legislative issues. He passed on January 22, 1973, of a coronary episode. Johnsons inheritance remembers his expensive blunder for heightening the war in Vietnam in a vain endeavor to win it and the way that he inevitably needed to go to harmony when the U.S. couldn't accomplish triumph. He is additionally associated with his Great Society arrangements where Medicare, Medicaid, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1968 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed among different projects. Sources Caro, Robert A. The Passage of Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Random House, 2012.â â -. The Path to Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Random House, 1990.Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Lyndon Johnson and the America Dream. New York: Open Road Media, 2015Peters, Charles. Lyndon B. Johnson: The American Presidents Series: The 36th President, 1963â€1969. New York: Henry Holt, 2010.

Leta Stetter Hollingworth Biography

Leta Stetter Hollingworth Biography History and Biographies Print Leta Stetter Hollingworth Biography By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 07, 2019 More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Leta Stetter Hollingworth was an early pioneer in psychology who is best known for her contributions to the study of intelligence testing and giftedness. While some of her contemporaries believed that intelligence was largely the result of genetic inheritance, Hollingworth felt that education and environment played a more critical role. Best Known For Research on exceptional childrenThe psychology of womenWork in clinical psychologyWork in educational psychology Birth and Death May 25, 1886 - November 27, 1939 Leta Stetter Hollingworths Early Life Leta Stetter was born in Nebraska on May 25, 1886. Letas early life was marked by tragedy when her mother died giving birth to her third child. Her father abandoned the family and left the children to be raised by their mothers parents, only to return a decade later to reclaim the children and force them to move in with him and his new wife. Stetter later described the household as abusive, plagued by alcoholism and emotional abuse. Her education became a source of refuge, allowing her to explore her talents as a writer. When she was just 15 she was hired to write columns for the town newspaper, and she left home for good when she graduated high school in 1902. Stetter enrolled in college at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln when she was only 16 years old. Leta completed her bachelors degree and teaching certificate in 1906 and married Harry Hollingworth in 1908. Her Career and Theories Stetter Hollingworth began her career as a teacher and assistant principal in Nebraska high schools.  She soon moved to New York to be with her husband as he completed his doctoral studies. While she had originally planned to continue teaching, New York did not allow married women to teach school at that time. Frustrated and bored, she soon enrolled at Columbia University and went on to earn a Masters in Education in 1913. She took a position at the Clearing House for Mental Defectives where she administered and scored Binet intelligence tests. She went on to continue her psychology studies under the guidance of famed psychologist Edward L. Thorndike. She completed her Ph.D. in 1916 and took a job at Columbias Teachers College, where she remained for the rest of her career. Research on the Psychology of Women Hollingworths earliest research interests centered on the psychology of women. One of her early experiments challenged the notion that men were intellectually superior to women. She looked at data for 1,000 males and 1,000 females and found that there was no difference in giftedness between the male and female participants. In further research on the psychology of women, Hollingworth challenged the notion at the time that women were essentially semi-invalid while menstruating. This belief had a major impact on womens rights since many employers refused to hire women because they believed they would be incapable of performing their duties for about one week each month. Over a three-month period, she tested 23 women and two men on a variety of tasks that tested mental abilities and motor skills. She found that there were no performance differences at any point in a womans menstrual cycle. Research With Gifted Children Hollingworth is also famous for her work with gifted children. As part of her work administering intelligence tests, she became interested in the psychology of giftedness. She believed that educational services often neglected these students because educators and parents believed that these gifted could simply take care of themselves. Instead, Hollingworth suggested that it was important to create a curriculum designed to foster the specific needs of gifted children. Hollingworth also wrote the first comprehensive book about gifted children as well as taught the very first college course on giftedness. Hollingsworths studies of gifted children coincided with Lewis Termans famous study of highly intelligent people. The two thinkers never actually met, but purportedly held each others work in high esteem. One of the major differences between their approaches was that while Terman believed that intelligence was largely genetic, Hollingworth was more concerned with the environmental and educational factors that contributed to intelligence. Selected Publications Through her work, Stetter Hollingworth left a major mark on the field of psychology. Some of her most frequently cited publications include: Hollingworth, L. (1914). Variability as related to sex differences in achievement. American Journal of Sociology, 19, 510-530. Hollingworth, L. (1916). Sex differences in mental traits. Psychological Bulletin, 13, 377-384. Hollingworth, L.S. (1927). The new woman in the making. Current History, 27, 15-20. Hollingworth, L.S. (1928). The psychology of the adolescent. New York: D. Appelton and Company. What Were Leta Hollingworths Contributions to Psychology? Leta Stetter Hollingworth pioneered the psychological study of women and her work helped to dispel a number of myths that were often used to argue against womens rights. As a psychology professor, she also mentored a number of students who went on to become important psychologists, including Florence Goodenough. Hollingworth died on November 27, 1939 of abdominal cancer. While her early life was marked by hardship and despite the fact that she died young, she managed to become one of psychologys most eminent thinkers and left an indelible mark on the field of psychology.

Three Truths And A Lie - 975 Words

Three Truths and a Lie Brianna K. Slone’s poem â€Å"Through the Eyes of a Child† serves to convey her recollection of the divorce of her parents with the underlying question of, why? Slone employs pathos, an artistic use of language, and chronology to allow her emotions to permeate, not only to herself, but also to her audience. At the same time, the poem â€Å"Three Truths and a Lie† aims to convey the life story of an active duty Coast Guardsman who has been subjected to circumstances that mimic that of Slone’s. The author of â€Å"Three Truths and a Lie† implements many of the same rhetorical strategies as Slone; however, attempts to supplement her tactic by adding personal anecdotes and a prevalent rhyme scheme. By utilizing the same tactics as Slone, the author attempts to attain the same sincerity and impact as â€Å"Through the Eyes of a Child†. Part of what makes both of these poems so genuine, is how the authors of the two works inc orporated a timeline. These timelines highlight some of the most pivotal moments of childhood in sequence and how the respective divorces impacted them. â€Å"Through the Eyes of a Child† begins with Slone as an innocent young girl, â€Å"When I was only two year old, my daddy went away. He swore he’d always love me, but he said he couldn’t stay.† The first few years of life are when humans are most vulnerable and when they are most dependent on their parents. This introduction speaks volumes because it implies a sense of abandonment at a time when youngShow MoreRelatedThe Truth vs. the White Lie850 Words   |  4 PagesThe Truth vs. the â€Å"White Lie† Lying in a marriage is a slippery slope and trust is a delicate thing. I have told my children that a thousand truths can be destroyed by just one lie. Once those truths are destroyed, it is the lie that will typify you. The truth is extremely powerful as well, because you can try to bury it, but you cant kill it. Sooner or later someone is going to dig it up. The truth is an awkward subject that our spouses believe they want to hear no matter what the answerRead MoreThe Truth Always Set You Free?867 Words   |  4 Pages hat is lie? According to the dictionary the word lie is defined as; to speak falsely or utter untruth knowingly, as with intent to deceive. Lies can big or small but yet he more we tell the greater and larger the consequence becomes. As children we were told not to tell lies, that it is wrong and unethical. As one grows older we begin to realize that sometimes it is okay to tell a little white lie every now and then, but is that true? Well let s define truth. The word truth means in accordanceRead MoreThe Ways We Lie By Stephanie Ericsson969 Words   |  4 PagesIs It In Our Nature To Lie? In Stephanie Ericsson’s essay, â€Å"The Ways We Lie†, she discusses the different circumstances in which people lie and describes the types of lies that are commonly used. The author argues that some lies aren’t very severe, and often times are necessary, whereas others can prove to be harmful in the long run and can exact harsh consequences. ( 315 ) Ericsson uses examples in which these lies are presented such as with business acquaintances, politicians or friends and evenRead MoreDifferent Types of Lying1731 Words   |  7 PagesPeople lie a lot in their lives. Even though they know that it is morally and religiously incorrect, they do it all the time. Mothers lie to their children; children lie to their parents and students to their teachers. It is a huge part of people daily behavior. They do it for many reasons, like lying to gain certain things or lying to avoid responsibilities. For example, when a girl tells her friend she does not looks fat in her new dress but the truth she does, or when a wife tells her husbandRead MoreBenefits Of Being Truthful Are Long Hidden : The Sun, The Moon, And The Truth1492 Words   |  6 Pages Three things can not be long hidden: the sun, the moon, and the truth, this is a saying of Buddha. Which means, it doesn’t matter how much a person tries the truth never stays hidden.Most human beings lie at some point in their lives. People lie for different causes. Some times they lie to save lives. Some times they lie because they don’t want to hurt anyone s feelings.Some times they lie to get rid of truth because they are too scared to face the reality.In these all conditions, peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Noble Lie 997 Words   |  4 PagesSissela Bok about the â€Å"whole truth† being attained is that it is impossible that it can be attained. She believes that people are lying deceived everyone, and sometime is used to protect the person. She also thinks that people that are lying is more important than anything in all of the decision that a simple lie brings. I believe she doesn’t have any faith that everyone could tell the truth. The truth is something that is hard to say, and people at times need to lie to protect their love onesRead Moreâ€Å"Art Is a Lie That Brings Us Nearer to the Truth† (Pablo Picasso)1692 Words   |  7 Pageshis works; Guernica is an example of his success, since it represented the tragedies of war, which the audience could sympathize with. Hence, we shall ask if by distorting our perception to reality, how art is a lie and how it brings us nearer to the truth? As a result, we will discuss three main points of the Picasso’s quote; art, lies and reality. Then, this will be highlighted with the effect of art in Ethics and, through pertinent examples; we will emphasize the distinction between ethics andRead MoreI Was Quite The Liar As A Child Essay980 Words   |  4 Pagesto me as â€Å"the snake of the family.† I’d lie about trivial things, like who ate the last Oreo; to more serious matters, like what I had been doing the night before when I snuck back in at three o’clock in the morning. Growing up a liar, the lines between truth and fiction have always been blurred for me. In recent years, I’ve stopped the constant lying, and I do feel better for it. However, I can’t deny that there is a subtle beauty in a well-delivered lie. That beauty lies in the fact that thereRead MoreTypes of Liars767 Words   |  4 Pagespoint in their life has lied. Many lie to the most important people in their lives because they don’t want to create conflict between them, but it just ends up making a bigger mess than if they would have told the truth. Some lie to other people they hardly even know because they want to be like them or make a good impression. Everyone tells lies once in a while, although the number and severity of the lies varies from one person to the other. There are three types of liars: the sociopathic liarRead MoreThe Lie By Sir Walter Raleigh1372 Words   |  6 Pages The poem â€Å"The Lie† was written by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1592. Thought out the poem, Sir Walter Raleigh is expressing his feelings about Parliament and Queen Elisabeth, and how they always lie. During this time Sir Walter begin to personally believe that the repeated, and distribution of the lie made the people like a bunch of Pinocchio. However, after many years of Sir Walter Raleigh helping to spread the lie he no longer wanted any part of it. He instead began to warn the readers using his poetry

Main Provisions Of The Foreign Corrupt Policy Act

This essay requires that I identify the main provisions of the the Foreign Corrupt Policy Act (FCPA) and then set forth the manner in which American businesses can comply with this act so as to compete with foreign businesses. The FCPA was enacted in 1977 during the term of President Jimmy Carter and is codified at 15 U.S.C. Sections 78-dd-1 et. seq.. During the 1970s the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) commenced numerous investigations of American businesses and their questionable payments to foreign governmental officials. As a result of these investigations, the Foreign Corrupt Policy Act was proposed. The SEC is the equivalent to police departments, but for corporations. The FCPA was enacted as legislation so as to prevent American corporations from bribing foreign officials. All corporations who are listed and traded on the stock markets in the United States must comply with the reporting and accounting standards as required by the SEC. The FCPA has three main components. First it requires corporations to keep detailed books, records and accounts which accurately record corporate payments and transactions. Also, employees must create and manage a sufficient system of internal accounting controls. The second provision regards the bribery of foreign officials. Bribery refers to any gifts, offers, payment, or promise of payment. Even making a relatively small payment of $100 is a violation of the Act. It is also a violation to make a payment to a third partyShow MoreRelatedThe Foreign Corrupt Practices Act1551 Words   |  7 PagesThe foreign Corrupt Practices Act prohibits paying or offering anything of value to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping a business. The FCPA was enacted by congress in 1977 due to various reports that were made by the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC). The Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) reported different issues concerning bribery and illegal payments by United Sates companies. The FCPA states that it’s unlawful to make payments to foreign officials; having a corruptRead MoreBusiness Law Reflection693 Words   |  3 Pageswith the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act of 1977 (FCPA). What is Foreign Corrupt Practice Act? For those who don’t know might ask, well, the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act of 1977 which was introduced in the U.S Senate as S.303 by Mr. William Proxmire (D.W) and signed into law by president Jimmy Carter on December 19, 1977 is a United States Federal Law known primarily for two of its main provisions. One that addresses accounting transparency requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 andRead MoreImpact Of The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act1334 Words   |  6 Pages Impacts of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Some would say that in order to accomplish global corporate success, and growth, one must â€Å"work† the system to their advantage. In the 1970’s there was an increased awareness of illicit payments used to bribe foreign governments. Several headlines had shaped the U.S. government’s concern; acting as a catalyst for the development and establishment of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. This Act, even to this day, is recognized for its purpose of prohibitingRead MoreThe Foreign Corrupt Practices Act654 Words   |  3 PagesThe Foreign Corrupt Practices Act The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977 and the corresponding amendments set forth by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 and Amendments of 1998 have tremendous ramifications for U.S. multinational companies at large, their subsidiaries, and foreign partners.   While the main purpose of the original policy was to make it â€Å"unlawful to bribe foreign government officials to obtain or retain business†, the many statutes, their exceptionsRead MoreAnalysis Of D O Renewals1167 Words   |  5 Pagesregarding policy provisions that are more broad than standard and also those that are more restrictive than standard. Therefore, there is a vital need for a professional, in this arena and in other areas, when developing insurance packages suited to a company’s unique requirements. Directors and officer’s policies are carefully negotiated contracts, between an insurance company and their prospective client, whose agenda must cover the gamut of possible risks for the term of the policy they purchaseRead MoreThe World Trade Organization ( Wto )1741 Words   |  7 Pagesand ratified the rules of the WTO in their individual countries. Simply put, these documents act as contracts that provide the legal framework for conducting business among nations, integrating into a country s domestic legal system, therefore, applying to local companies and nationals in the conduct of business internationally. For instance, if a company were to open an office or business in a foreign country, the rules of the WTO dictates how that can be done.1 The origin of the WTO has its rootsRead MoreAmerica s Position On Reciprocity And Bilateral Free Trade Agreements1574 Words   |  7 PagesCommerce of the United States in Foreign Countries† in order to consolidate America’s position on reciprocity and bilateral free trade agreements. In the document he emphasized that â€Å"free commerce and navigation are not to be given in exchange for restrictions and vexations; nor are they likely to produce a relaxation of them†. Above all, Jefferson was concerned with â€Å"fair and equal access† to all foreign markets and realized that other European mercantilist policies were not favorable towards a completelyRead MoreThe Corruption Of Politics And Politics1715 Words   |  7 Pagesof misuse in election finance and lobbying of interest groups (Atkinson and Mancuso, 1985, p. 462; Atkinson, 2011, p. 448). The definition of corruption helps understand whether or not a misuse in election finance and lobbying constitute as a corrupt act. A widely accepted definition of corruption is â€Å"the exercise of official powers without regard for the public interest† (Boisvert, Dent, and Quraishi, 2014, p. 8). According to politicians, advisers, and ethics officers, corruption deals with breakingRead MoreThe Origins Of Current U.s. Food Regulation1559 Words   |  7 PagesThe origins of current U.S. food regulation primarily date back more than 100 years to the Food and Drugs Act of 1906. Since then significant issues continue to exist and remain prevalent in the United States. In fact, Patrick Paul, member of the Natural Resources Environment professes that in 2011, THE CDCP (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) put a report issuing that an estimated, â€Å"more than forty-eight million Americans become sick from contaminated food every year, one hundred thousandRead MoreZambia And The Health Of Its Citizens Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagessituation in the country. For example, if Malawi is found to be in a healthy living situation by the end of the paper minimal suggestions will be made as to how the country can improve. If however, the country is found to be lacking severely on provision of necessities such as health service and a stable economy, then a more detailed list of improvement strategies will suggested for the benfit of the country and its citizens. Key metrics like the quality of health services, the economy, health issues

The Effects of Drug Abuse Free Essays

The Effect of Drug Abuse Jason Russ The Effect of Drug Abuse Many people do not understand why or how other people become addicted to drugs. It can be wrongfully assumed that drug abusers lack moral principles or willpower and that they could stop using drugs simply by choosing to change their behavior. In reality, drug addiction is a complex disease, and quitting takes more than good intentions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Drug Abuse or any similar topic only for you Order Now In fact, because drugs change the brain in ways that foster compulsive drug abuse, quitting is difficult, even for those who are ready to do so. Through scientific advances, we know more about how drugs work in the brain than ever, and we also know that drug addiction can be successfully treated to help people stop abusing drugs and lead productive lives. Today, thanks to science, our views and responses to drug abuse has changed dramatically. â€Å"Groundbreaking discoveries about the brain have revolutionized our understanding of drug addiction, enabling us to respond effectively to the problem,† (Volkow). Addiction is a developmental disease that begins in infancy and adolescence and is influenced by a combination of factors involving genes, environment, and an individual’s age at first drug use. The genes that people are born with in combination environmental influences of their addiction defenselessness. To addition that, gender, ethnicity, and the mental disorders may influence risk for drug abuse and addiction. â€Å"Scientists estimate that genetic factors account for between 40 and 60 percent of a person’s vulnerability to addiction, including the effects of environment on gene expression and function. Adolescents and individuals with mental disorders are at greater risk of drug abuse and addiction than the general population†, (Volkow). Few weakness genes have been found for alcohol dependence and nicotine addiction. Alcoholism is a genetically inherited disease. There are several evidences proving that â€Å"Scientists at Washington University School of Medicine conducted a genome-wide association study in 2006 and identified several novel genes involved in nicotine dependence. In 2004, researchers at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine found a protein, called Arc, which may be a culprit in drug addiction. The protein helps the brain retain memories for longer than an hour or two†, (Association of American Medical Colleges). â€Å"In 1994, scientists at the Oregon Health Science University were the first to clone the mammalian gene for the D2 dopamine receptor. Dopamine is a brain neurotransmitter that is thought to be essential to the brain’s response to drugs like opiates and psycho stimulants,† (Association of American Medical Colleges). Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine researchers reported in 2006 that men’s brains show evidence of up to three times the amount of the brain chemical dopamine as women’s brains when exposed to amphetamines. This is the first clinical study that explains why more men than women abuse amphetamines and could lead to tailored treatments for drug abuse and neurological d iseases†, (Association of American Medical Colleges). On the other hand, many people believe that â€Å"Addiction is a choice†, meaning anyone can stop or moderate their use of addictive drugs anytime they want to by just going to Meditation, Yoga, Exercise, Acupuncture and Counseling. However, drug addiction is a certain disease because one of the main reasons is called dopamine. â€Å"Addictive drugs trigger the release of the brain chemical dopamine, which in turn creates a reward circuit in the brain. This circuit registers that intense experience as â€Å"important† and creates lasting memories of it as a pleasurable experience. Dopamine changes the brain on a cellular level, commanding the brain to â€Å"do it again,† which heightens the possibility of relapse even long after the behavior (or drug) has stopped. Dopamine also helps to explain why intense experiences can be just as addictive as drugs,† (Smithstein). A person’s environment includes many different influences, from family and friends to quality of life in general. Factors such as peer pressure, physical and sexual abuse, stress, and quality of parenting can greatly influence the occurrence of drug abuse and the growth to addiction in a person’s life. Many people today do not understand why some become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster obsessive drug abuse. Parents who abuse drugs or engage in criminal behavior can increase children’s risks of developing their own drug problems. Use of substances by parents and their children is strongly correlated; generally, if parents take drugs, sooner or later their children will also. Teenagers who use drugs are more likely to have one or more parents who also use drugs. Children who depend on illicit drugs usually have poor social skills or academic failures. In 2004, researchers at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA used structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computational brain mapping to reveal structural abnormalities in the brains of chronic methamphetamine users†, (Association of American Medical Colleges). â€Å"A 2005 study at the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine showed that functional MRI might be used t o predict relapse in substance-dependent individuals. A simple two-choice test correctly predicted 20 of 22 subjects who did not relapse and 17 of 18 subjects who did†, (Association of American Medical Colleges). In one study, 41% of addicted parents reported that at least one of their children repeated a grade in school, 19% were involved in truancy, and 30% had been suspended from school†, (National Association for Children of Alcoholics). People, who believe that drug addiction is not a disease, claim that have nothing do with the environment. But the scientist says that a people were influenced by a combination factors including genes and environment increased drug abuse. â€Å"In 1995, nearly 3. 1 million children were reported to child protective services as abused or neglected. Approximately one million of these reports were substantiated. Substance abuse was found to be a factor in a majority of these cases†, (sparkaction. org). Behavioral treatments help engage people, modifying their attitudes and behaviors related to drug abuse and increasing their life skills to handle complicated, stressful life circumstances and environmental cues that may trigger intense cravings for drugs. Additionally it can enhance the effectiveness of medications and help people remain in treatment in the longer term. The combination of genetic and environmental, factors with serious developmental stages in a person’s life to affect addiction vulnerability. Even though taking drugs at any age can lead to addiction, the earlier that drug use begins, the more likely it will progress to more serious abuse, which teenagers will suffer more. Because their brains are still developing in the areas that choice, and self-control, young people may be especially prone to risk-taking behaviors, including trying drugs of abuse. Babies may be born premature and underweight were exposed to legal and illegal drugs in the womb. This drug exposure will damage and slow the child’s intellection and behavior later in life. Adolescents who abuse drugs often, do poorly academically, and drop out of school. They are at risk of unplanned pregnancies, violence, and infectious diseases. Adults have problems thinking clearly, remembering, and paying attention because the drugs damaging their brain cells. They often develop poor social behaviors as a result of their drug abuse, and their work performance and personal relationships suffer. Parents’ drug abuse often means chaotic, stress-filled homes and child abuse and neglect. â€Å"Such conditions harm the development of children in the home and may set the stage for drug abuse in the next generation. It is a proven fact that substance abuse is the leading cause for people to commit crimes. Drugs and alcohol can mess with a person’s mind and cause them to do stupid things, as in robberies, murders, become violent, etc. Drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, marijuana, narcotics and non-narcotics (prescription pills), opium, ecstasy, and mushrooms can all lead to psychological effects on a person’s mind. â€Å"Amphetamines and cocaine increase wakefulness, alertness and vigilance, improve concentration, and produce a feeling of clear thinking (Barton RM, 2008). There is generally an elevation of mood, mild euphoria, increases sociability, and a belief that one can do just about anything. Depending on the drugs that are being used and the way they are being used, depends on how long the effects from it will last. Some can last from a few minutes to a few hours. Usually the prescription pills last for hours and cocaine effects last for only a few minutes. Any drug can lead to problems with a person’s brain; it can make one mentally disabled. It can a lso lead to regular nose bleeds, loss of smell, swallowing problems and inflammation of nasal septum. This can occur if one abuses drugs by snorting it through their nose. The abuse of prescription drugs are the second most abused drugs in our Nation, with Marijuana being first and Cocaine being third, heroin fourth, and methamphetamine fifth. This list will give an idea of exactly how serious this type of drug addiction is to our Nation today and how it will impact our future. According to the National Health Institute about 20% of people have used prescription drugs for non-medical issues (National Institutes of Health). When you are prescribed pain medication for an injury you may be told to take one pill every 4 hours but you feel that one is not working so you take two this is prescription drug abuse. You may not think that it is that big of a deal but studies say that if you abuse it once you are more at risk of abusing prescription drugs again. Although most people who abuse prescription drugs abuse pain killers there are other types that are abused also. Drug addiction is a chronic yet preventable. According to NIDA-funded research, they have shown that prevention programs relating families, schools, communities, and the media are effective in reducing drug abuse. Although many actions and cultural factors affect drug abuse trend, when people recognize drug abuse as harmful, will stop taking drugs. Thus, education is key in helping people and the public understands the risks of drug abuse. Teachers, parents, medical and public health professionals must keep sending the message that drug addiction can be prevented if one never takes drugs. References: Barton RM 2008. , â€Å"Mexico’s Drug-Related Violence,† Congressional Research Service â€Å"Drug Use and Abuse: Fighting the Destructive Grip of Addiction† http://sparkaction. org/content/impact-substance-abuse-foster-care Kirst-Ashman, K. (2011). Human behavior in the macro social environment (3rd ed. ). Brooks Cole. ISBN: 9780495813651. Kolar, A. F. , Brown, B. S. , Haertzen, C. A. , Michaelson, B. S. , CHILDREN OF ADDICTED PARENTS: IMPORTANT FACTS. National Association for Children of Alcoholics, 1994 www. nacoa. net/pdfs/addicted. pdf Nora D. Volkow, Science of Addiction. National Institutes on Drug Abuse, April 2007 http://www. nida. nih. gov/scienceofaddiction/ Samantha Smithstein, Dopamine: why it’s so hard to â€Å"just say no†. Psychology Today, 19 August 2010 http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/what-the-wild-things-are/201008/dopamine-why-its-so-hard-just-say-no How to cite The Effects of Drug Abuse, Essay examples

There is a Price for Admission to the Sick Role Essays - RTT, Cancer

"There is a Price for Admission to the Sick Role" By: Lauren Gonder Illness is defined, in today's terms, as a state or condition of suffering as the result of a disease or sickness and is caused by an abnormal biological affliction or mental abnormality (pg. 188) CITATION Coc16 \l 1033 (Cockerman, 2016) . In 1951, Sociologist Talcott Parsons, initially expressed sickness as a deviant behavior that a person accepts when feeling sick. Deviance is an act or behavior that violates the social norms within a given society CITATION Coc16 \l 1033 (Cockerman, 2016) . This requires a social judgement about what is proper behavior shared by the people in that society CITATION Coc16 \l 1033 (Cockerman, 2016) . Norms are social expectations that guide behavior and explain why people do what they do in a given si tuation. Parsons saw being sick as a distract ion from how society functions (pg. 189) CITATION Coc16 \l 1033 (Cockerman, 2016) . When someone is sick, they are relieved from their daily duties and/or roles. His concept of the sick role is based on the notion that being sick is not a deliberate and knowing choice of the sick person, even though illness may occur as a result of motivated exposure to infection or injury (pg. 192) CITATION Coc16 \l 1033 (Cockerman, 2016) . This choice makes it deviant only because he or she is "not responsible" for the sickness and it is warned that people will adopt this choice to get away from their responsibilities. This is why it is required by a school or employer to provide proof of medical care. Some sick or handicapped people can be labeled if their sickness is unpleasant for others. This can be based on appearance, odor, or behavior. The labeling is called social stigma, which is defined by Sociologist Erving Goffman, as a negative characterization that devalues a person and changes his or her self-concept and social identity. Stigma originated with the ancient Greeks, who used it to refer to marks, such as brands or cu ts, on the body that represents something bad or immoral about the person (pg. 211) CITATION Coc16 \l 1033 (Cockerman, 2016) . These brands were used to signify criminals, slaves, or traitors and varies across and within societies. There are three classifications of social stigma : abominations or deformities, blemishes, such as a mental disorder or alcoholism, and tribal, such as race or religion. People who are stigmatized try to hide their afflictions by acting as normal as possible. Lung cancer is mostly caused by smoking and second-hand smoke. Usually, it starts in the spongy, pinkish grey walls of the lungs' airways or air sacs CITATION Web \l 1033 (WebMD) . The two main types of lung cancer are non-small cell and small-cell. Non-small cell lung cancer has three categories called Adenocarcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, and Large-cell carcinoma. They all spread to the lymph nodes and some to bones and other organs. There are other causes of lung cancer such as exposure to asbestos, uranium dust, or the radioactive gas, R adon. Lung tissue that was scarred by disease or infection, such as scleroderma or tuberculosis , becomes at risk for tumors in that tissue, this is called scar carcinoma CITATION Web \l 1033 (WebMD) . Breast cancer doesn't have any one known cause and can occur when the cells in the breast begin growing abnormally CITATION Cli \l 1033 (MayoClinic) . The growth occurs in the milk-producing ducts, the lobules (glandular tissue), or other cells/tissue in the breast. The growth is when the cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells and form a lump or mass. This mass can then spread throughout the breast, lymph nodes or other parts of the body. Breast cancer can be caused by hormonal, lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors. Hormonal factors are associated with mostly females, but males can also be effected . These factors can transpire as you become older. Drinking alcohol and obesity are related to lifestyle influences. Radiation exposure through other treatments as a child or young adult is a part of the environmental reasons. People who suffer from lung cancer are often stigmatized due to the association with