30 Pivotal Moments in Apples History Essays

Biography of Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th U.S. President

Memoir of Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th U.S. President Lyndon Baines Johnson (Aug. 27, 1908â€Jan. 22, 1973) was a fourth-age Texas farmer, who turned into the 36th President of the United States on the passing of his antecedent John F. Kennedy. He acquired an agonizingly partitioned nation and is known both for his disappointments in Vietnam and his victories with social equality. Quick Facts: Lyndon B. Johnson Known For: 36th President of the United StatesBorn: August 27, 1908, Stonewall, Texas. Parents: Rebekah Baines (1881â€1958) and Samuel Ealy Johnson, Jr. (1877â€1937).Died: January 22, 1973, Stonewall, Texas.Education: Southwest Texas State Teachers College (BS, 1930), considered law at Georgetown University from 1934â€35.Spouse: Claudia Alta Lady Bird Taylor (1912â€2007).Children: Lynda Bird Johnson (b. 1944), Luci Baines Johnson (b. 1947). Early Life Lyndon Johnson was conceived on Aug. 27, 1908, on his dads farm in country southwestern Texas, the first of four kids destined to Samuel Ealy Johnson, Jr. what's more, Rebekah Baines. His dad was a lawmaker, rancher, and intermediary, and Rebekah was a writer who moved on from Baylor University in 1907-an uncommon condition. When Lyndon was conceived, his government official dad was finishing up his second term on the Texas lawmaking body: His folks would proceed to have four additional youngsters, three young ladies, and a kid. Johnson was a fourth-age Texan: at forty years old, Johnsons extraordinary granddad Robert Holmes Bunton came to what was then the Republic of Texas in 1838 to be a cattleman.â Lyndon worked all through his childhood to win cash for the family. His mom instructed him to peruse at an early age. He went to neighborhood government funded schools, moving on from secondary school in 1924. He went through three years going around and working at unspecialized temp jobs before heading off toward the Southwest Texas State Teachers College in San Marcos. Prologue to Politics While Johnson was in school, he functioned as a gofer for the leader of Southwest Texas State, and he was the late spring editorial manager of the understudy paper. He utilized his certifications to go to his first Democratic show in 1928,in Houston, with his then-current sweetheart, who cut off the association right away afterward.â Johnson dropped out of school to take an encouraging activity in a Mexican school in the Cotulla School District, where he was resolved to manufacture a feeling of expectation in the thumped youngsters. He created extracurricular exercises, orchestrated a parent-educator gathering, held spelling honey bees and composed a band, a discussion club and baseball and softball match-ups. Following a year he left and came back to San Marcos and completed his degree in August of 1930.â During the downturn, his family was hit hard. Johnson was a volunteer for Welly Hopkins, who was running for the state senate, and he acquired a vocation showing open talking and business math in Houston. In any case, a situation as what might today be known as a staff executive for a recently chosen Texas congressman Richard Kleberg opened up, and Johnson was tapped to fill it. He showed up in Washington DC on Dec. 7, 1931, which is the place he made his home for the majority of the following 37 years. Marriage and Family As Klebergs secretary, Johnson made a few excursions to and from Texas, and it was on one of those outings that he met Claudia Alta Taylor (1912â€2007), known as Lady Bird, the little girl of a wealthy Texas farmer, and holding degrees in reporting and history from Baylor University. They wedded on Nov. 17, 1934. Together they had two daughters: Lynda Bird Johnson (brought into the world 1944) and Luci Baines Johnson (b. 1947). Political Career and Presidency While in Washington, Johnson campaigned hard for more force, making a couple of foes and not discovering a lot of accomplishment. He was offered an association in an Austin Law firm in the event that he acquired a law degree, thus he took a crack at night classes at Georgetown University. Be that as it may, it didnt suit him and following a year he dropped out.â At the point when he was named the Director of National Youth Administration in Texas (1935â€37), he left Klebergs office. Expanding on that, Johnson was chosen as a U.S. Agent where he served from 1937â€49. While a congressman, he joined the naval force to battle in World War II. He was granted the Silver Star. In 1949, Johnson was chosen for the U.S. Senate, turning into the Democratic Majority Leader in 1955. He served until 1961 when he became Vice-President under John F. Kennedy. On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy was killed and Johnson took over as president. The following year he was assigned to run for the Democratic Party for the administration with Hubert Humphrey as his VP. He was restricted by Barry Goldwater. Johnson would not discuss Goldwater. also, effectively won with 61 percent of the well known vote and 486 of the discretionary votes. Occasions and Accomplishments Johnson made the Great Society programs, which included antipoverty programs, social equality enactment, the formation of Medicare and Medicaid, the section of some ecological security acts, and the making of laws to help ensure purchasers. Three significant pieces of Civil Rightsâ legislation marked into law by Johnson were as per the following: 1. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which didn't allowâ discrimination in employmentâ or in the utilization of open offices. 2. The Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibited prejudicial practices that shielded blacks from casting a ballot. 3. The Civil Rights Act of 1968, which prohibited separation for lodging. Additionally during Johnsons administration, Martin Luther King, Jr. was killed in 1968. As far as concerns her, Lady Bird was a colossal defender of the beautification program to attempt to improve the manner in which America looked. She was additionally a significant sharp businesswoman. She was granted the Medal of Freedom by President Gerald Ford and the Congressional Gold Medal by President Ronald Reagan. The Vietnam Warâ escalated during Johnsons organization. Troop levels which began with 3,500 of every 1965 arrived at 550,000 by 1968. America was separated on the side of the war. America, at long last, didn't get an opportunity of winning. In 1968, Johnson reported he would not run for re-appointment so as to invest energy to get harmony in Vietnam. Be that as it may, harmony would not be accomplished until President Nixonsâ administration. Demise and Legacy Johnson resigned on January 20, 1969, to his farm in Texas. He didn't come back to legislative issues. He passed on January 22, 1973, of a coronary episode. Johnsons inheritance remembers his expensive blunder for heightening the war in Vietnam in a vain endeavor to win it and the way that he inevitably needed to go to harmony when the U.S. couldn't accomplish triumph. He is additionally associated with his Great Society arrangements where Medicare, Medicaid, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1968 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed among different projects. Sources Caro, Robert A. The Passage of Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Random House, 2012.â â -. The Path to Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Random House, 1990.Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Lyndon Johnson and the America Dream. New York: Open Road Media, 2015Peters, Charles. Lyndon B. Johnson: The American Presidents Series: The 36th President, 1963â€1969. New York: Henry Holt, 2010.

Leta Stetter Hollingworth Biography

Leta Stetter Hollingworth Biography History and Biographies Print Leta Stetter Hollingworth Biography By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 07, 2019 More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Leta Stetter Hollingworth was an early pioneer in psychology who is best known for her contributions to the study of intelligence testing and giftedness. While some of her contemporaries believed that intelligence was largely the result of genetic inheritance, Hollingworth felt that education and environment played a more critical role. Best Known For Research on exceptional childrenThe psychology of womenWork in clinical psychologyWork in educational psychology Birth and Death May 25, 1886 - November 27, 1939 Leta Stetter Hollingworths Early Life Leta Stetter was born in Nebraska on May 25, 1886. Letas early life was marked by tragedy when her mother died giving birth to her third child. Her father abandoned the family and left the children to be raised by their mothers parents, only to return a decade later to reclaim the children and force them to move in with him and his new wife. Stetter later described the household as abusive, plagued by alcoholism and emotional abuse. Her education became a source of refuge, allowing her to explore her talents as a writer. When she was just 15 she was hired to write columns for the town newspaper, and she left home for good when she graduated high school in 1902. Stetter enrolled in college at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln when she was only 16 years old. Leta completed her bachelors degree and teaching certificate in 1906 and married Harry Hollingworth in 1908. Her Career and Theories Stetter Hollingworth began her career as a teacher and assistant principal in Nebraska high schools.  She soon moved to New York to be with her husband as he completed his doctoral studies. While she had originally planned to continue teaching, New York did not allow married women to teach school at that time. Frustrated and bored, she soon enrolled at Columbia University and went on to earn a Masters in Education in 1913. She took a position at the Clearing House for Mental Defectives where she administered and scored Binet intelligence tests. She went on to continue her psychology studies under the guidance of famed psychologist Edward L. Thorndike. She completed her Ph.D. in 1916 and took a job at Columbias Teachers College, where she remained for the rest of her career. Research on the Psychology of Women Hollingworths earliest research interests centered on the psychology of women. One of her early experiments challenged the notion that men were intellectually superior to women. She looked at data for 1,000 males and 1,000 females and found that there was no difference in giftedness between the male and female participants. In further research on the psychology of women, Hollingworth challenged the notion at the time that women were essentially semi-invalid while menstruating. This belief had a major impact on womens rights since many employers refused to hire women because they believed they would be incapable of performing their duties for about one week each month. Over a three-month period, she tested 23 women and two men on a variety of tasks that tested mental abilities and motor skills. She found that there were no performance differences at any point in a womans menstrual cycle. Research With Gifted Children Hollingworth is also famous for her work with gifted children. As part of her work administering intelligence tests, she became interested in the psychology of giftedness. She believed that educational services often neglected these students because educators and parents believed that these gifted could simply take care of themselves. Instead, Hollingworth suggested that it was important to create a curriculum designed to foster the specific needs of gifted children. Hollingworth also wrote the first comprehensive book about gifted children as well as taught the very first college course on giftedness. Hollingsworths studies of gifted children coincided with Lewis Termans famous study of highly intelligent people. The two thinkers never actually met, but purportedly held each others work in high esteem. One of the major differences between their approaches was that while Terman believed that intelligence was largely genetic, Hollingworth was more concerned with the environmental and educational factors that contributed to intelligence. Selected Publications Through her work, Stetter Hollingworth left a major mark on the field of psychology. Some of her most frequently cited publications include: Hollingworth, L. (1914). Variability as related to sex differences in achievement. American Journal of Sociology, 19, 510-530. Hollingworth, L. (1916). Sex differences in mental traits. Psychological Bulletin, 13, 377-384. Hollingworth, L.S. (1927). The new woman in the making. Current History, 27, 15-20. Hollingworth, L.S. (1928). The psychology of the adolescent. New York: D. Appelton and Company. What Were Leta Hollingworths Contributions to Psychology? Leta Stetter Hollingworth pioneered the psychological study of women and her work helped to dispel a number of myths that were often used to argue against womens rights. As a psychology professor, she also mentored a number of students who went on to become important psychologists, including Florence Goodenough. Hollingworth died on November 27, 1939 of abdominal cancer. While her early life was marked by hardship and despite the fact that she died young, she managed to become one of psychologys most eminent thinkers and left an indelible mark on the field of psychology.

Three Truths And A Lie - 975 Words

Three Truths and a Lie Brianna K. Slone’s poem â€Å"Through the Eyes of a Child† serves to convey her recollection of the divorce of her parents with the underlying question of, why? Slone employs pathos, an artistic use of language, and chronology to allow her emotions to permeate, not only to herself, but also to her audience. At the same time, the poem â€Å"Three Truths and a Lie† aims to convey the life story of an active duty Coast Guardsman who has been subjected to circumstances that mimic that of Slone’s. The author of â€Å"Three Truths and a Lie† implements many of the same rhetorical strategies as Slone; however, attempts to supplement her tactic by adding personal anecdotes and a prevalent rhyme scheme. By utilizing the same tactics as Slone, the author attempts to attain the same sincerity and impact as â€Å"Through the Eyes of a Child†. Part of what makes both of these poems so genuine, is how the authors of the two works inc orporated a timeline. These timelines highlight some of the most pivotal moments of childhood in sequence and how the respective divorces impacted them. â€Å"Through the Eyes of a Child† begins with Slone as an innocent young girl, â€Å"When I was only two year old, my daddy went away. He swore he’d always love me, but he said he couldn’t stay.† The first few years of life are when humans are most vulnerable and when they are most dependent on their parents. This introduction speaks volumes because it implies a sense of abandonment at a time when youngShow MoreRelatedThe Truth vs. the White Lie850 Words   |  4 PagesThe Truth vs. the â€Å"White Lie† Lying in a marriage is a slippery slope and trust is a delicate thing. I have told my children that a thousand truths can be destroyed by just one lie. Once those truths are destroyed, it is the lie that will typify you. The truth is extremely powerful as well, because you can try to bury it, but you cant kill it. Sooner or later someone is going to dig it up. The truth is an awkward subject that our spouses believe they want to hear no matter what the answerRead MoreThe Truth Always Set You Free?867 Words   |  4 Pages hat is lie? According to the dictionary the word lie is defined as; to speak falsely or utter untruth knowingly, as with intent to deceive. Lies can big or small but yet he more we tell the greater and larger the consequence becomes. As children we were told not to tell lies, that it is wrong and unethical. As one grows older we begin to realize that sometimes it is okay to tell a little white lie every now and then, but is that true? Well let s define truth. The word truth means in accordanceRead MoreThe Ways We Lie By Stephanie Ericsson969 Words   |  4 PagesIs It In Our Nature To Lie? In Stephanie Ericsson’s essay, â€Å"The Ways We Lie†, she discusses the different circumstances in which people lie and describes the types of lies that are commonly used. The author argues that some lies aren’t very severe, and often times are necessary, whereas others can prove to be harmful in the long run and can exact harsh consequences. ( 315 ) Ericsson uses examples in which these lies are presented such as with business acquaintances, politicians or friends and evenRead MoreDifferent Types of Lying1731 Words   |  7 PagesPeople lie a lot in their lives. Even though they know that it is morally and religiously incorrect, they do it all the time. Mothers lie to their children; children lie to their parents and students to their teachers. It is a huge part of people daily behavior. They do it for many reasons, like lying to gain certain things or lying to avoid responsibilities. For example, when a girl tells her friend she does not looks fat in her new dress but the truth she does, or when a wife tells her husbandRead MoreBenefits Of Being Truthful Are Long Hidden : The Sun, The Moon, And The Truth1492 Words   |  6 Pages Three things can not be long hidden: the sun, the moon, and the truth, this is a saying of Buddha. Which means, it doesn’t matter how much a person tries the truth never stays hidden.Most human beings lie at some point in their lives. People lie for different causes. Some times they lie to save lives. Some times they lie because they don’t want to hurt anyone s feelings.Some times they lie to get rid of truth because they are too scared to face the reality.In these all conditions, peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Noble Lie 997 Words   |  4 PagesSissela Bok about the â€Å"whole truth† being attained is that it is impossible that it can be attained. She believes that people are lying deceived everyone, and sometime is used to protect the person. She also thinks that people that are lying is more important than anything in all of the decision that a simple lie brings. I believe she doesn’t have any faith that everyone could tell the truth. The truth is something that is hard to say, and people at times need to lie to protect their love onesRead Moreâ€Å"Art Is a Lie That Brings Us Nearer to the Truth† (Pablo Picasso)1692 Words   |  7 Pageshis works; Guernica is an example of his success, since it represented the tragedies of war, which the audience could sympathize with. Hence, we shall ask if by distorting our perception to reality, how art is a lie and how it brings us nearer to the truth? As a result, we will discuss three main points of the Picasso’s quote; art, lies and reality. Then, this will be highlighted with the effect of art in Ethics and, through pertinent examples; we will emphasize the distinction between ethics andRead MoreI Was Quite The Liar As A Child Essay980 Words   |  4 Pagesto me as â€Å"the snake of the family.† I’d lie about trivial things, like who ate the last Oreo; to more serious matters, like what I had been doing the night before when I snuck back in at three o’clock in the morning. Growing up a liar, the lines between truth and fiction have always been blurred for me. In recent years, I’ve stopped the constant lying, and I do feel better for it. However, I can’t deny that there is a subtle beauty in a well-delivered lie. That beauty lies in the fact that thereRead MoreTypes of Liars767 Words   |  4 Pagespoint in their life has lied. Many lie to the most important people in their lives because they don’t want to create conflict between them, but it just ends up making a bigger mess than if they would have told the truth. Some lie to other people they hardly even know because they want to be like them or make a good impression. Everyone tells lies once in a while, although the number and severity of the lies varies from one person to the other. There are three types of liars: the sociopathic liarRead MoreThe Lie By Sir Walter Raleigh1372 Words   |  6 Pages The poem â€Å"The Lie† was written by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1592. Thought out the poem, Sir Walter Raleigh is expressing his feelings about Parliament and Queen Elisabeth, and how they always lie. During this time Sir Walter begin to personally believe that the repeated, and distribution of the lie made the people like a bunch of Pinocchio. However, after many years of Sir Walter Raleigh helping to spread the lie he no longer wanted any part of it. He instead began to warn the readers using his poetry

Main Provisions Of The Foreign Corrupt Policy Act

This essay requires that I identify the main provisions of the the Foreign Corrupt Policy Act (FCPA) and then set forth the manner in which American businesses can comply with this act so as to compete with foreign businesses. The FCPA was enacted in 1977 during the term of President Jimmy Carter and is codified at 15 U.S.C. Sections 78-dd-1 et. seq.. During the 1970s the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) commenced numerous investigations of American businesses and their questionable payments to foreign governmental officials. As a result of these investigations, the Foreign Corrupt Policy Act was proposed. The SEC is the equivalent to police departments, but for corporations. The FCPA was enacted as legislation so as to prevent American corporations from bribing foreign officials. All corporations who are listed and traded on the stock markets in the United States must comply with the reporting and accounting standards as required by the SEC. The FCPA has three main components. First it requires corporations to keep detailed books, records and accounts which accurately record corporate payments and transactions. Also, employees must create and manage a sufficient system of internal accounting controls. The second provision regards the bribery of foreign officials. Bribery refers to any gifts, offers, payment, or promise of payment. Even making a relatively small payment of $100 is a violation of the Act. It is also a violation to make a payment to a third partyShow MoreRelatedThe Foreign Corrupt Practices Act1551 Words   |  7 PagesThe foreign Corrupt Practices Act prohibits paying or offering anything of value to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping a business. The FCPA was enacted by congress in 1977 due to various reports that were made by the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC). The Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) reported different issues concerning bribery and illegal payments by United Sates companies. The FCPA states that it’s unlawful to make payments to foreign officials; having a corruptRead MoreBusiness Law Reflection693 Words   |  3 Pageswith the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act of 1977 (FCPA). What is Foreign Corrupt Practice Act? For those who don’t know might ask, well, the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act of 1977 which was introduced in the U.S Senate as S.303 by Mr. William Proxmire (D.W) and signed into law by president Jimmy Carter on December 19, 1977 is a United States Federal Law known primarily for two of its main provisions. One that addresses accounting transparency requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 andRead MoreImpact Of The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act1334 Words   |  6 Pages Impacts of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Some would say that in order to accomplish global corporate success, and growth, one must â€Å"work† the system to their advantage. In the 1970’s there was an increased awareness of illicit payments used to bribe foreign governments. Several headlines had shaped the U.S. government’s concern; acting as a catalyst for the development and establishment of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. This Act, even to this day, is recognized for its purpose of prohibitingRead MoreThe Foreign Corrupt Practices Act654 Words   |  3 PagesThe Foreign Corrupt Practices Act The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977 and the corresponding amendments set forth by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 and Amendments of 1998 have tremendous ramifications for U.S. multinational companies at large, their subsidiaries, and foreign partners.   While the main purpose of the original policy was to make it â€Å"unlawful to bribe foreign government officials to obtain or retain business†, the many statutes, their exceptionsRead MoreAnalysis Of D O Renewals1167 Words   |  5 Pagesregarding policy provisions that are more broad than standard and also those that are more restrictive than standard. 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For instance, if a company were to open an office or business in a foreign country, the rules of the WTO dictates how that can be done.1 The origin of the WTO has its rootsRead MoreAmerica s Position On Reciprocity And Bilateral Free Trade Agreements1574 Words   |  7 PagesCommerce of the United States in Foreign Countries† in order to consolidate America’s position on reciprocity and bilateral free trade agreements. In the document he emphasized that â€Å"free commerce and navigation are not to be given in exchange for restrictions and vexations; nor are they likely to produce a relaxation of them†. Above all, Jefferson was concerned with â€Å"fair and equal access† to all foreign markets and realized that other European mercantilist policies were not favorable towards a completelyRead MoreThe Corruption Of Politics And Politics1715 Words   |  7 Pagesof misuse in election finance and lobbying of interest groups (Atkinson and Mancuso, 1985, p. 462; Atkinson, 2011, p. 448). The definition of corruption helps understand whether or not a misuse in election finance and lobbying constitute as a corrupt act. A widely accepted definition of corruption is â€Å"the exercise of official powers without regard for the public interest† (Boisvert, Dent, and Quraishi, 2014, p. 8). According to politicians, advisers, and ethics officers, corruption deals with breakingRead MoreThe Origins Of Current U.s. Food Regulation1559 Words   |  7 PagesThe origins of current U.S. food regulation primarily date back more than 100 years to the Food and Drugs Act of 1906. Since then significant issues continue to exist and remain prevalent in the United States. In fact, Patrick Paul, member of the Natural Resources Environment professes that in 2011, THE CDCP (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) put a report issuing that an estimated, â€Å"more than forty-eight million Americans become sick from contaminated food every year, one hundred thousandRead MoreZambia And The Health Of Its Citizens Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagessituation in the country. For example, if Malawi is found to be in a healthy living situation by the end of the paper minimal suggestions will be made as to how the country can improve. If however, the country is found to be lacking severely on provision of necessities such as health service and a stable economy, then a more detailed list of improvement strategies will suggested for the benfit of the country and its citizens. Key metrics like the quality of health services, the economy, health issues

The Effects of Drug Abuse Free Essays

The Effect of Drug Abuse Jason Russ The Effect of Drug Abuse Many people do not understand why or how other people become addicted to drugs. It can be wrongfully assumed that drug abusers lack moral principles or willpower and that they could stop using drugs simply by choosing to change their behavior. In reality, drug addiction is a complex disease, and quitting takes more than good intentions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Drug Abuse or any similar topic only for you Order Now In fact, because drugs change the brain in ways that foster compulsive drug abuse, quitting is difficult, even for those who are ready to do so. Through scientific advances, we know more about how drugs work in the brain than ever, and we also know that drug addiction can be successfully treated to help people stop abusing drugs and lead productive lives. Today, thanks to science, our views and responses to drug abuse has changed dramatically. â€Å"Groundbreaking discoveries about the brain have revolutionized our understanding of drug addiction, enabling us to respond effectively to the problem,† (Volkow). Addiction is a developmental disease that begins in infancy and adolescence and is influenced by a combination of factors involving genes, environment, and an individual’s age at first drug use. The genes that people are born with in combination environmental influences of their addiction defenselessness. To addition that, gender, ethnicity, and the mental disorders may influence risk for drug abuse and addiction. â€Å"Scientists estimate that genetic factors account for between 40 and 60 percent of a person’s vulnerability to addiction, including the effects of environment on gene expression and function. Adolescents and individuals with mental disorders are at greater risk of drug abuse and addiction than the general population†, (Volkow). Few weakness genes have been found for alcohol dependence and nicotine addiction. Alcoholism is a genetically inherited disease. There are several evidences proving that â€Å"Scientists at Washington University School of Medicine conducted a genome-wide association study in 2006 and identified several novel genes involved in nicotine dependence. In 2004, researchers at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine found a protein, called Arc, which may be a culprit in drug addiction. The protein helps the brain retain memories for longer than an hour or two†, (Association of American Medical Colleges). â€Å"In 1994, scientists at the Oregon Health Science University were the first to clone the mammalian gene for the D2 dopamine receptor. Dopamine is a brain neurotransmitter that is thought to be essential to the brain’s response to drugs like opiates and psycho stimulants,† (Association of American Medical Colleges). Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine researchers reported in 2006 that men’s brains show evidence of up to three times the amount of the brain chemical dopamine as women’s brains when exposed to amphetamines. This is the first clinical study that explains why more men than women abuse amphetamines and could lead to tailored treatments for drug abuse and neurological d iseases†, (Association of American Medical Colleges). On the other hand, many people believe that â€Å"Addiction is a choice†, meaning anyone can stop or moderate their use of addictive drugs anytime they want to by just going to Meditation, Yoga, Exercise, Acupuncture and Counseling. However, drug addiction is a certain disease because one of the main reasons is called dopamine. â€Å"Addictive drugs trigger the release of the brain chemical dopamine, which in turn creates a reward circuit in the brain. This circuit registers that intense experience as â€Å"important† and creates lasting memories of it as a pleasurable experience. Dopamine changes the brain on a cellular level, commanding the brain to â€Å"do it again,† which heightens the possibility of relapse even long after the behavior (or drug) has stopped. Dopamine also helps to explain why intense experiences can be just as addictive as drugs,† (Smithstein). A person’s environment includes many different influences, from family and friends to quality of life in general. Factors such as peer pressure, physical and sexual abuse, stress, and quality of parenting can greatly influence the occurrence of drug abuse and the growth to addiction in a person’s life. Many people today do not understand why some become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster obsessive drug abuse. Parents who abuse drugs or engage in criminal behavior can increase children’s risks of developing their own drug problems. Use of substances by parents and their children is strongly correlated; generally, if parents take drugs, sooner or later their children will also. Teenagers who use drugs are more likely to have one or more parents who also use drugs. Children who depend on illicit drugs usually have poor social skills or academic failures. In 2004, researchers at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA used structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computational brain mapping to reveal structural abnormalities in the brains of chronic methamphetamine users†, (Association of American Medical Colleges). â€Å"A 2005 study at the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine showed that functional MRI might be used t o predict relapse in substance-dependent individuals. A simple two-choice test correctly predicted 20 of 22 subjects who did not relapse and 17 of 18 subjects who did†, (Association of American Medical Colleges). In one study, 41% of addicted parents reported that at least one of their children repeated a grade in school, 19% were involved in truancy, and 30% had been suspended from school†, (National Association for Children of Alcoholics). People, who believe that drug addiction is not a disease, claim that have nothing do with the environment. But the scientist says that a people were influenced by a combination factors including genes and environment increased drug abuse. â€Å"In 1995, nearly 3. 1 million children were reported to child protective services as abused or neglected. Approximately one million of these reports were substantiated. Substance abuse was found to be a factor in a majority of these cases†, (sparkaction. org). Behavioral treatments help engage people, modifying their attitudes and behaviors related to drug abuse and increasing their life skills to handle complicated, stressful life circumstances and environmental cues that may trigger intense cravings for drugs. Additionally it can enhance the effectiveness of medications and help people remain in treatment in the longer term. The combination of genetic and environmental, factors with serious developmental stages in a person’s life to affect addiction vulnerability. Even though taking drugs at any age can lead to addiction, the earlier that drug use begins, the more likely it will progress to more serious abuse, which teenagers will suffer more. Because their brains are still developing in the areas that choice, and self-control, young people may be especially prone to risk-taking behaviors, including trying drugs of abuse. Babies may be born premature and underweight were exposed to legal and illegal drugs in the womb. This drug exposure will damage and slow the child’s intellection and behavior later in life. Adolescents who abuse drugs often, do poorly academically, and drop out of school. They are at risk of unplanned pregnancies, violence, and infectious diseases. Adults have problems thinking clearly, remembering, and paying attention because the drugs damaging their brain cells. They often develop poor social behaviors as a result of their drug abuse, and their work performance and personal relationships suffer. Parents’ drug abuse often means chaotic, stress-filled homes and child abuse and neglect. â€Å"Such conditions harm the development of children in the home and may set the stage for drug abuse in the next generation. It is a proven fact that substance abuse is the leading cause for people to commit crimes. Drugs and alcohol can mess with a person’s mind and cause them to do stupid things, as in robberies, murders, become violent, etc. Drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, marijuana, narcotics and non-narcotics (prescription pills), opium, ecstasy, and mushrooms can all lead to psychological effects on a person’s mind. â€Å"Amphetamines and cocaine increase wakefulness, alertness and vigilance, improve concentration, and produce a feeling of clear thinking (Barton RM, 2008). There is generally an elevation of mood, mild euphoria, increases sociability, and a belief that one can do just about anything. Depending on the drugs that are being used and the way they are being used, depends on how long the effects from it will last. Some can last from a few minutes to a few hours. Usually the prescription pills last for hours and cocaine effects last for only a few minutes. Any drug can lead to problems with a person’s brain; it can make one mentally disabled. It can a lso lead to regular nose bleeds, loss of smell, swallowing problems and inflammation of nasal septum. This can occur if one abuses drugs by snorting it through their nose. The abuse of prescription drugs are the second most abused drugs in our Nation, with Marijuana being first and Cocaine being third, heroin fourth, and methamphetamine fifth. This list will give an idea of exactly how serious this type of drug addiction is to our Nation today and how it will impact our future. According to the National Health Institute about 20% of people have used prescription drugs for non-medical issues (National Institutes of Health). When you are prescribed pain medication for an injury you may be told to take one pill every 4 hours but you feel that one is not working so you take two this is prescription drug abuse. You may not think that it is that big of a deal but studies say that if you abuse it once you are more at risk of abusing prescription drugs again. Although most people who abuse prescription drugs abuse pain killers there are other types that are abused also. Drug addiction is a chronic yet preventable. According to NIDA-funded research, they have shown that prevention programs relating families, schools, communities, and the media are effective in reducing drug abuse. Although many actions and cultural factors affect drug abuse trend, when people recognize drug abuse as harmful, will stop taking drugs. Thus, education is key in helping people and the public understands the risks of drug abuse. Teachers, parents, medical and public health professionals must keep sending the message that drug addiction can be prevented if one never takes drugs. References: Barton RM 2008. , â€Å"Mexico’s Drug-Related Violence,† Congressional Research Service â€Å"Drug Use and Abuse: Fighting the Destructive Grip of Addiction† http://sparkaction. org/content/impact-substance-abuse-foster-care Kirst-Ashman, K. (2011). Human behavior in the macro social environment (3rd ed. ). Brooks Cole. ISBN: 9780495813651. Kolar, A. F. , Brown, B. S. , Haertzen, C. A. , Michaelson, B. S. , CHILDREN OF ADDICTED PARENTS: IMPORTANT FACTS. National Association for Children of Alcoholics, 1994 www. nacoa. net/pdfs/addicted. pdf Nora D. Volkow, Science of Addiction. National Institutes on Drug Abuse, April 2007 http://www. nida. nih. gov/scienceofaddiction/ Samantha Smithstein, Dopamine: why it’s so hard to â€Å"just say no†. Psychology Today, 19 August 2010 http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/what-the-wild-things-are/201008/dopamine-why-its-so-hard-just-say-no How to cite The Effects of Drug Abuse, Essay examples

There is a Price for Admission to the Sick Role Essays - RTT, Cancer

"There is a Price for Admission to the Sick Role" By: Lauren Gonder Illness is defined, in today's terms, as a state or condition of suffering as the result of a disease or sickness and is caused by an abnormal biological affliction or mental abnormality (pg. 188) CITATION Coc16 \l 1033 (Cockerman, 2016) . In 1951, Sociologist Talcott Parsons, initially expressed sickness as a deviant behavior that a person accepts when feeling sick. Deviance is an act or behavior that violates the social norms within a given society CITATION Coc16 \l 1033 (Cockerman, 2016) . This requires a social judgement about what is proper behavior shared by the people in that society CITATION Coc16 \l 1033 (Cockerman, 2016) . Norms are social expectations that guide behavior and explain why people do what they do in a given si tuation. Parsons saw being sick as a distract ion from how society functions (pg. 189) CITATION Coc16 \l 1033 (Cockerman, 2016) . When someone is sick, they are relieved from their daily duties and/or roles. His concept of the sick role is based on the notion that being sick is not a deliberate and knowing choice of the sick person, even though illness may occur as a result of motivated exposure to infection or injury (pg. 192) CITATION Coc16 \l 1033 (Cockerman, 2016) . This choice makes it deviant only because he or she is "not responsible" for the sickness and it is warned that people will adopt this choice to get away from their responsibilities. This is why it is required by a school or employer to provide proof of medical care. Some sick or handicapped people can be labeled if their sickness is unpleasant for others. This can be based on appearance, odor, or behavior. The labeling is called social stigma, which is defined by Sociologist Erving Goffman, as a negative characterization that devalues a person and changes his or her self-concept and social identity. Stigma originated with the ancient Greeks, who used it to refer to marks, such as brands or cu ts, on the body that represents something bad or immoral about the person (pg. 211) CITATION Coc16 \l 1033 (Cockerman, 2016) . These brands were used to signify criminals, slaves, or traitors and varies across and within societies. There are three classifications of social stigma : abominations or deformities, blemishes, such as a mental disorder or alcoholism, and tribal, such as race or religion. People who are stigmatized try to hide their afflictions by acting as normal as possible. Lung cancer is mostly caused by smoking and second-hand smoke. Usually, it starts in the spongy, pinkish grey walls of the lungs' airways or air sacs CITATION Web \l 1033 (WebMD) . The two main types of lung cancer are non-small cell and small-cell. Non-small cell lung cancer has three categories called Adenocarcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, and Large-cell carcinoma. They all spread to the lymph nodes and some to bones and other organs. There are other causes of lung cancer such as exposure to asbestos, uranium dust, or the radioactive gas, R adon. Lung tissue that was scarred by disease or infection, such as scleroderma or tuberculosis , becomes at risk for tumors in that tissue, this is called scar carcinoma CITATION Web \l 1033 (WebMD) . Breast cancer doesn't have any one known cause and can occur when the cells in the breast begin growing abnormally CITATION Cli \l 1033 (MayoClinic) . The growth occurs in the milk-producing ducts, the lobules (glandular tissue), or other cells/tissue in the breast. The growth is when the cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells and form a lump or mass. This mass can then spread throughout the breast, lymph nodes or other parts of the body. Breast cancer can be caused by hormonal, lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors. Hormonal factors are associated with mostly females, but males can also be effected . These factors can transpire as you become older. Drinking alcohol and obesity are related to lifestyle influences. Radiation exposure through other treatments as a child or young adult is a part of the environmental reasons. People who suffer from lung cancer are often stigmatized due to the association with

Film History Essay

Film History Essay Film History Essay Jeff Merrick Film History 2: ONLINE Rutsky 3/14/13 Mid-Term Examination PART 1 1) Jean-Pierre Melville 2) Pier Paolo Pasolini 3) Glauber Rocha 4) Robert Bresson 5) Michelangelo Antonioni 6) Kenji Mizoguchi 7) Luis Bunel 8) Ingmar Bergman 9) Ousmane Semebene 10) Yasujiro Ozu PART 2 1) Cinerama 2) Cinema Novo 3) The 400 Blows (1959) 4) After their promise to be set free was broken the slaves rebel and are then all hunted down and killed, besides one slave who escapes. 5) His job is to put up posters. 6) †¦going to see the train. 7) Rashamon (1950) 8) †¦the judge. 9) A groit is a West African historian/storyteller. 10) It was a film critic magazine in France that was formed in 1951 by Andre Bazin. Their ‘la politique des Auteurs’ theories would eventually form into the ‘Auteur theory. ‘ PART 3 1) Important factors that helped the film industry in Japan and Hollywood were by using a similar film industry, primarily the concept of 'vertical integration'. Creating large studio systems and solidifying bases of distribution and exhibition provided the necessary profit to increase their production values and simply create more films. Vertical integration allowed for fewer, larger companies control the market and gain very large profits while also containing their profits to themselves. Along with Japan and the US’s large movie-going populations, Japan even larger than the US, eventually drove up the demand for films. In an ongoing cycle countries like Japan and the US were able to solidify a steady stream of films, pushing their limits as they go and successfully dominating the world film industry. 3) New Wave and New Cinema changed the face of the film industry because a new generation of faces were starting to emerge. The generation of the ‘Baby Boomers’ were starting to come of age during the 60’s and 70’s and began making films by the youth, for the youth. Tired with the fantasies of Hollywood, the perpetuating myths that movies can make, young filmmakers such as Glauber Rocha, the influential Brazilian filmmaker and creator of Cinema Novo, focused more on social themes that focused more on the real people. No longer was cinema mainly utilized as a medium of entertainment, like a majority of films just prior to WW2, but now film was utilized as a tool for social change. Young filmmakers were aimed at addressing themes that reflected the youth and the counterculture. In light of these new artistic directions in cinema a whole new wave of young viewers started to shape the new face of cinema away from the voyeurism of Hollywood. 5) Hitchcock’s film The Trouble with Harry (1955) serves as a metaphor of life in the 50’s because the film very beautifully and softly shot, however the underlining events are much more sinister and dark and suggests that the tranquility of the 50’s is a faà §ade. The 50’s marked a high point in American hysteria with the fear of communism and the fear of nuclear war. The 50’s also marked a critical era of TV, shows like Leave it to Beaver that represent America as a happy, structured and fruitful society and left out many, if not all, important social problems of the time. The Trouble with Harry plays with a similar tranquil and innocent representation of society on the surface, while gun shots and dead bodies pulls the audience out of the faà §ade and presents the social problems of society that TV simply ignores. PART 4 1) The Paramount Decision primarily ended block booking, where theaters were given a required ‘block’ of films they had to show. With block booking there really isn’t much competition in what films receive attention and which ones do not, because they are exhibited at a standard rate controlled by the film companies. The end of block-booking now allowed for a larger field of competition between what kinds of films were made, Independent films and Hollywood films. No longer could the film companies simply slap together a

Is it Okay to Split an Infinitive Can I start a sentence with And

Is it Okay to Split an Infinitive Can I start a sentence with And The following is some basic writing help that answers your questions about when its okay to split an infinitive, whether to start sentences with â€Å"And† or â€Å"But,† and whether it’s okay to use a singular â€Å"they.† Here are the grammar rules and non-rules that tend to be confusing to many writers (and readers): Is it okay to split an infinitive? Yes, it’s okay to occasionally split an infinitive! But if you can be graceful, it’s better not to split it. â€Å"It’s okay to split an infinitive occasionally† would pose a lower risk of annoying your readers than the first sentence above, which, as you may have noticed, contains a split infinitive. Can I start a sentence with And or But? Yes, it’s okay to start sentences with â€Å"And† or â€Å"But.† But don’t overdo it. Is it okay to use they as a pronoun for one person? I used to be adamant that â€Å"they† is not an appropriate reference to a single person! But even I sometimes use it now and allow my clients to use it too. While there are often workarounds for using the singular â€Å"they,† they are often awkward. There’s a Can I use â€Å"this† without a reference? This is not recommended. The question always to ask yourself (or – see #1 – to always ask yourself) is, â€Å"This WHAT?† and tell us what the WHAT is. Rather than say â€Å"This is not recommended,† try â€Å"This construction is not recommended.†Ã‚  Otherwise your readers will not know what â€Å"this† refers to. Shall I go into whether it’s okay to end a sentence with a preposition?  Let’s save that one for another day. If you run into any other grammar questions that have you stumped, feel free to ask The Essay Expert. You can also sign up for my Grammar Writing Tips List for tips on how to communicate with grammatical correctness. Category:Grammar Writing TipsBy Brenda BernsteinMay 22, 2010 1 Comment Rob Berman says: May 27, 2010 at 2:29 pm Brenda: Please keep the tips coming. I learn from each of your posts. Rob Log in to Reply

Career Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Career Decision Making - Essay Example It’s within a holistic paradigm that career counseling must work to aid the individual in resolving their personal relationship conflicts to achieve a more holistic lifestyle, as this will allow them to more clearly advance with their career decision making. In these regards, it’s clear that the theoretical approach most relevant to this case study is Hansen’s integrative life planning approach. According to Hansen’s theory, there is a series of four assumptions that must be incorporated into life planning decisions (Niles, & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2008). Hansen states that one of the central tasks individuals must accomplish is, â€Å"weaving our lives into a meaningful whole† (Hansen, as cited in Niles, & Harris-Bowlsbey, pg. 85). In these regards, it’s clear that Hansen’s integrative life planning approach considers not simply one’s direct choice in deciding on one career over another but also posits that any substantial life decis ion must be made in terms of the holistic effect it has on all aspects of the individual’s life. Hansen also indicates that an individual must consider their career goals in terms of life purpose and spirituality. When examining Douglas’ decision-making dilemma it’s clear that social aspects have hindered his ability to progress with his career decisions. In examining Douglas’ dilemma it seems clear that in deciding on one career choice will have a tremendous effect on another aspect of his life, namely the relationship with his parents. I think a highly relevant and notable point of discussion was when the counselor framed the career discussion in terms of the client’s siblings. While it’s clear that the client had been strongly influenced by his parents’ work ethic, working a series of jobs and seemingly having a very career-centric life, the emphasis on her siblings’ decisions contributes greatly to decisions that he might make in terms of career advancement, or purpose and meaning.

Australian Carbon Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Australian Carbon Policies - Essay Example It supports a reporting system on carbon emissions and is the most conspicuous regulation of carbon emissions in use to date. The Australian parliament did introduce a system for controlling the renewal of energy by passing the amendment on the energy targets. It provides that renewable sources of energy will produce approximately 20% of the nation’s electric power by the year 2020 (McKinsey, 2007). 1.1 The Current Legislation for Reporting Carbon Emission Data Since the beginning of the month of July in the year 2008, the Australian government did require that organizations provide precise information about their greenhouse emissions (Unerman, 2007). The state’s legislative body did pass a law for regulating the reporting of emissions from greenhouses under the 2007 act on National Greenhouse reports. The administrators of this piece of legislation are the climate change department. The challenges coming from greenhouse emissions are under the regulation of the Water, Environment, Heritage and Arts division of the government (McKinsey, 2007). The government and various industries across the nation did take a deliberate initiative to regulate the number of emissions through the Greenhouse challenge plus scheme. ... This tax is payable by the large companies that are responsible for the emissions in the environment. It suggests that companies producing more than twenty five thousand tons of carbon should pay a total of twenty three dollars for each ton they produce. The tax proposal has the purpose of providing effectiveness in reducing the costs that the regime incurs in fight against greenhouse emissions (Schaltegger, Burritt and Petersen, 2008). These taxes do assist the administration in collecting information about the major emitters who do not pay up for their mistakes. The finances that come from this tax are usually put to the use of improving public institutions such as hospitals. This proposal does assist the administration in knowing the big carbon emitters within their economies. It also helps the leaders in knowing the amount of carbon emissions in their environment (Gray, 2000). 1.3 The Relationship between the Current and Proposed Carbon Policies and Environmental Management Accou nting. The use of environmental management accounting involves the application of the regular methods of identification, analyzing, managing and reduction of costs. This is done in ways that will benefit both the companies and their surroundings. This form of accounting is useful in identifying the matters affecting the implementation of the policies which aim at reducing the amounts of carbon emissions. These matters include the health crisis and safety problems that arise as a result of the emissions and the ignorance of the companies to the legislation (Gray, 2000).  

Privacy in Cyberspace Essay -- Internet Essays

Privacy in Cyberspace Computers and the Internet have changed many things in the world today. People surf the web on a daily bases for information and entertainment. The Internet is making things like paying your bills from home a possibility. This was something that you had to leave the house to do, even if it was just dropping a check in the mail. Now you can pay your bills and buy your groceries, with every thing being just a point and a click away. Other things that can be done on the Internet is E-mail and stock trading. The police and the FBI have even used the Internet to capture and convict criminals. All this new technology is coming at us so fast and from so many places. Such as television, magazines and news papers, pushing to buy sell or trade on the Internet. Yet how much do we know about what happens when you buy something or E-mail someone, who sees all this information. Could some Internet criminal get my credit card numbers, or bank account information. Many people in to days world do a great deal of their finical business on the Internet. Yet who is to say that people who the message is being sent are the only ones who will be reading it. You must remember that when you log on and send a message to someone that it could go through many systems before it gets to its final destination. While being sent through the system any one can read what was sent, and it is not illegal if it is readily accessible to the public. As you are looking at other peoples computers they can be looking at your computer. Many browsers keep track of where you have been on the Internet by using cookies. A cookie file is a small piece of information that a web server can store. However cookies are not without their problems. On... ...to your encrypted files then someone else could also. This issue should go one way or the other. It is either you take the risk of letting everyone have a chance to access what you wrote, or nobody has access to it. If nobody has access or control over what is going on then it could become a criminals play ground. Yet if we let people have access to our accounts, we have some degree of safety, at the cost of our privacy. I look at it this way if you don=t want people to see your underwear drying on a close line don=t put them on the line to start with. The same goes for your E-mail if you don=t want other people to read it then don=t send it. It is the same thing with keeping a secret once you tell one person they could tell some one else, that is why they say that three people can keep a secret if two are dead. Source Privacy in Cyberspace privacyright.org

Real Men Drink Coke

CASE ASSIGNMENT: COKE ZERO Chapter # 8) Do Real Men Drink Diet Coke? When a couple of marketing managers for Coca-Cola told attorney Elizabeth Finn Johnson that they wanted to sue their Coke Zero colleagues for â€Å"taste infringement,† she was baffled. She tried to talk them out of it, but they were determined. They argued that Coca-Cola Classic should be protected from the age discrimination it would suffer with the introduction of a newer, younger soft drink that tasted exactly the same as the original. Frustrated, Finn Johnson held up the Coke can and shouted, â€Å"It’s not a person! Title VII doesn’t cover these things! † What she didn’t know was that the marketing managers were actors. Hidden cameras had been planted around the meeting room to capture the reactions of several unsuspecting attorneys who had been asked to consider the case, including an immigration lawyer who was asked if he could get the Coke Zero marketing head deported back to Canada. The short videos were strategically placed on websites like YouTube. om to promote Coke Zero as the hip, new alternative to Diet Coke for men. The Coca-Cola Company knows it has to be creative if it’s going to sell more soda after sales dropped two years in a row in 2005 and 2006. Morgan Stanley analyst Bill Pecoriello explains, â€Å"Consumers are becoming ever more health-conscious, and the image of regular carbonated soft drinks is deteriorating rapidly. † In an attempt to appeal to con sumers concerned with nutrition, Coke introduced Diet Coke Plus in 2007, a sweeter version of Diet Coke fortified with vitamins and minerals. But what they really needed was a way to reach young male consumers, and Diet Coke Plus, marketed with tag lines like â€Å"Your Best Friend Just Got Friendlier! † wasn’t going to do it. A few new products appealed to certain male demographics, such as Coca-Cola Blak, a cola with coffee essence created for older, more sophisticated consumers who are willing to pay more, and Full Throttle Blue Demon, an energy drink with an agave azule flavor (think margaritas) designed to appeal to Hispanic men. However, research showed that there was still a big demographic hole to fill as young men between the ages of 18 and 34 were abandoning the Coca-Cola brand altogether. They didn’t want all the calories of regular Coke, but they weren’t willing to make the move to Diet Coke, either, which has traditionally been marketed to women who want to lose weight. Katie Bayne, chief marketing officer for Coca-Cola North America, says that the men who weren’t put off by the â€Å"feminine stigma† of Diet Coke often rejected it anyway because of its aspartame-sweetened aftertaste. What we were seeing before Zero launched was that more and more younger people were interested in no-calorie beverages but weren’t going to sacrifice taste,† Bayne said. â€Å"So when they got interested in no-calorie, they were like, ‘Forget it, I’m not going to Diet Coke. ’† Testing showed that the name â€Å"Coke Zero† would be an effective way to sell a low-calorie cola to men without using the word â€Å"diet. † And advances in artificial sweeteners made it possible for Coke to finally create a product that tasted more like the â€Å"Real Thing. So expectations were high when Coke Zero was introduced in 2005 with a big marketing push, including a commercial that remade the famous 1971 â€Å"Hilltop/I’d Like to Teach the World to Sing† ad—this time with rapper G-Love on a rooftop singing that he’d like to teach the world to â€Å"chill. † Unfortunately, the commercial didn’t catch on, and neither did the product it was selling. Despite disappointing sales in the U. S. , however, Coke Zero was an immediate hit in Australia, selling more than three times the number of cases expected during its first year on the market. In the U. S. , the packaging was white and silver, making it difficult for consumers to see the difference between Coke Zero and Diet Coke. In Australia, the bottles and cans were black, making the product stand out on the shelves and look more like the â€Å"bloke’s Coke† it was intended to be. The U. S. marketing team took notice and reintroduced Coke Zero with a black and silver label in 2007. Coca-Cola is now investing more money in Coke Zero than any other brand its size, hoping it will someday be a megabrand for the company alongside Coca-Cola Classic and Diet Coke. Chief Marketing Officer Bayne is enthusiastic about the impact it may have on the company. â€Å"We do see this as potentially a bit of a white knight. There’s huge opportunity to grow here. † SOURCES: Jerry Adler, â€Å"Attack of the Diet Cokes,† Newsweek, May 14, 2007; â€Å"Coke’s New ‘Coke Zero’ Faces Tough Going, UPI NewsTrack, June 13, 2005; Duane D. Stanford, â€Å"0: That’s Zero. As in No Calories,† The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, March 20, 2007; â€Å"Coca-Cola Co. ,† MMR, October 30, 2006; http://www. cocacolazero. com. Open-ended questions 1. Describe the specific type of consumer that the Coca-Cola Company is targeting with each of the following products: Diet Coke, Coke Zero, Diet Coke Plus, Coca-Cola Blak, and Full Throttle Blue Demon. What types of demographic segmentation is each product’s marketing most likely to include? 2. Some industry analysts think soft-drink companies should develop products that will bring new customers into the market rather than just creating variants on the old. They warn that products like Coke Zero will cannibalize lost market share from other soft drink categories instead of increasing the number of consumers overall. Which Coca-Cola products are most likely to lose customers to Coke Zero? 3. Why do you think that the hidden-camera videos used to promote Coke Zero were an effective way to reach its target market? Do you think a similar strategy with a viral marketing campaign on the Internet would appeal to the target market for Diet Coke Plus? 4. Do you think Diet Coke could have been repositioned to change consumers’ perceptions of it enough to be considered a drink equally appealing to men? Why or why not? CASE ASSIGNMENT: Terracycle (Chapter # 10) Turning Worm Poop into a Product Environmentally friendly products have never been as hot as they are now, and the number of brands touting their â€Å"green† credentials has never been higher, but TerraCycle Plant Food may be the ultimate organic product to ever hit the market. A college student named Tom Szaky founded TerraCycle in 2003 after buddies from Canada, â€Å"where they have more liberal rules about growing certain plants,† he says, taught him how to use worm droppings as cheap and eco-friendly fertilizer. Szaky based his business model on recycling, starting with the trash that TerraCycle turns into compost and feeds to millions of red worms. The worm castings are then liquefied and put into previously used plastic water and soda bottles. Even the company’s shipping cartons come from recycled materials. TerraCycle’s organic plant food hit the shelves in 2004 with labels boasting that it â€Å"Contains Liquefied Worm Poop! † It didn’t take long for the products to take off. By 2006, the company had been named â€Å"The Coolest Little Start-Up in America† by Inc. agazine and had passed the $1 million mark in sales, growing as much as 300% from the previous year. They snagged shelf space in retail giants such as Target, Walmart, and Home Depot. Founder and president Tom Szaky liked to refer to his company as â€Å"the anti-Miracle-Gro. † But the industry giant disagreed. It turns out that Scotts Miracle-Gro thought that, if anything, TerraCycle w as encroaching too closely on the industry giant’s territory. In March of 2007, Scotts sued Szaky’s fledgling company for trademark infringement and for making â€Å"false claims† that its organic products are superior to synthetic versions. Small companies can easily fold under the weight of such a lawsuit. Even if they win, the legal costs can cripple them. So TerraCycle took their case to the Internet with the blog www. suedbyscotts. com, hoping to stir public support and raise contributions for its legal fees. â€Å"I knew there was no way I could out-lawyer Scotts,† Tom Szaky says. â€Å"So as I thought about it, I wondered what core competency our company had that we could exploit. Guerrilla marketing seemed to be the obvious answer. He adds that they hope to get so much public support for their cause that Scotts will drop their suit. The blog offers a comparison chart titled â€Å"David vs. Goliath† that illustrates the differences between the two companies. A photo of TerraCycle’s modest headquarters behind a chain-link fence in New Jersey is contrasted with Scotts’s grand, pillared entryway in Ohio. It lists TerraCycle’s â€Å"CEO major perquisite† as â€Å"unlimited f ree worm poop,† whereas Scotts’s CEO enjoys â€Å"personal use of company-owned aircraft. The blog also counters Scotts’s claims that consumers might be confused by its â€Å"overly similar yellow and green packaging† by posting photographs of TerraCycle’s wacky and unusual bottles in their variety of shapes and sizes beside Miracle-Gro’s uniform and professional looking ones. Scotts is insisting that they change their labels, but TerraCycle’s general counsel, Richard Ober Jr. , says that changing packaging now would hurt their sales momentum. â€Å"There’s the loss of customer recognition. † Su Lok, a Scotts spokesperson, argues that the blog is just one of TerraCycle’s PR â€Å"tactics† nd insists that none of their arguments has merit. â€Å"We’ve spent a lot of time building up brands that consumers trust,† she says, â€Å"and we are going to protect those brands. † So far www. sued byscotts. com has gained massive media attention, leading major newspapers and magazines to cover the story and hundreds of bloggers to defend TerraCycle’s cause. Although online donations have totaled less than $1,000 to date, overall company sales surged 122% within weeks of the blog’s launch. And TerraCycle’s main Web site, which averages about 1,000 visitors a day, spiked to as high as 13,000. They expect to bring in revenue highs approaching $5 million by the end of 2007. Ira J. Levy, an intellectual property lawyer, warns that Scotts may have more to lose by pursuing TerraCycle than it’s worth. â€Å"By pursuing a trade dress case,† Levy says, â€Å"they can allow a small player to promote itself on the national stage. When word gets out that the mega-conglomerate is suing the little guy, you risk having bloggers launching boycotts, and the plaintiff ends up injuring his own business. † Which is precisely what Tom Szaky hopes will happen. The lawsuit isn’t something he would have wanted to fight, he says, but it’s a chance to generate buzz. â€Å"It’s like The Art of War,† he says. â€Å"You need to have a villain to be up against, and for us, that’s Scotts. † SOURCES: Jack Neff, â€Å"When the Worm Poop Hits the Fan, Market It,† Advertising Age, April 23, 2007; Adam Aston, â€Å"Now That’s Really a Turf War,† BusinessWeek, April 23, 2007; Gwendolyn Bounds, â€Å"A Growing Dispute: Fertilizer Start-Up Uses Web as Defense,† Wall Street Journal, May 22, 2007; Mike Hofman, â€Å"Legal Lemons, PR Lemonade,† Inc. June 2007; Rob Walker, â€Å"The Worm Turns,† New York Times Magazine, May 20, 2007; www. terracycle. net; www. suedbyscotts. com. Open-ended questions 1. What type of consumer product is TerraCycle’s plant food: convenience, shopping, specialty, or unsought? Why? 2. Go to www. terracycle. net and look at the types of produc ts the company sells. Describe their product mix. How wide is it? Which basic product lines does it sell? How long are they? 3. Do you think that product line extension or product line contraction would make more sense for TerraCycle at this stage of the company’s growth? Why? 4. How well do TerraCycle’s bottles perform the four packaging functions discussed in this chapter? Go to www. suedbyscotts. com to see what TerraCycle’s products look like compared to the Miracle-Gro line. Do you think TerraCycle’s package design distinguishes their products well enough from those of the industry giant, or are they similar enough to cause customer confusion? CASE ASSIGNMENT: Nordstrom’s (Chapter # 15) How to Succeed by Selling Just One Shoe Upscale retailer Nordstrom has been famous for superior customer service for over 100 years. Robert Spector, coauthor of The Nordstrom Way, says his favorite story is of a woman with one leg who jokingly bet a Nordstrom salesperson that he wouldn’t sell her just one shoe. He was more than happy to split up the pair, though, to her surprise, and Nordstrom gained a life-long customer in the process. â€Å"Who knows how many times she’s told that story? † Spector asks. â€Å"Do you think that that’s worth the price of a shoe? I do. † This kind of word-of-mouth publicity means that Nordstrom spends much less on traditional advertising than its competitors do. And the stories told by satisfied customers are much more persuasive than an ad in the Sunday paper. Patrick McCarthy, who was the first salesperson to generate $1 million, cites an example of a customer who was traveling and accidentally left his plane tickets in the store. An employee who found them paid for a cab to the airport with her own money so that the customer wouldn’t miss his plane. This, McCarthy says, is an example of â€Å"heroic service,† and at Nordstrom they expect nothing less. Industry observer Lior Arussy calls Nordstrom’s business strategy â€Å"greed through love. † They have perfected the art of focusing on the right customers and giving them undivided attention. A salesperson will often continue the relationship with a customer for years. They may exchange business cards, set future shopping dates, and call customers when new merchandise comes in. â€Å"It’s a heart experience,† says McCarthy, who kept handwritten notes on all 12,000 of his personal customers over the years. Most companies are head experiences—bean counters are running them. When the heart is running them, it becomes exciting. † Nordstrom is also known for its generous exchange policy. In a familiar story that has been forwarded around the Internet for years, a man claims he was allowed to return snow tires, even though the store never sold auto parts. It may be an urban myth, but it reinforces the company’s reputation for putting custom ers first. Even though the company loses some money on returns, they believe it’s worth it to keep customers coming back. Nordstrom has 157 stores in 27 states, but they plan to open 19 more by 2010, expanding into Boston, Ohio, and other untapped U. S. markets. Eric Nordstrom, the company’s president, visits each potential location himself before signing off on it. He says his gut instinct about a location is almost as important as the demographics and statistics they analyze. â€Å"Plenty of places look good on paper and we say no. † Even though Nordstrom values the traditions that come with its long history, Nordstrom direct president Jamie Nordstrom says that they’re not afraid to evolve with the times. We see the way people shop changing very dramatically,† he says. The company analyzed barriers between its sales channels and realized that it was limiting sales opportunities. Customers who purchased Nordstrom merchandise online couldn’t return it in the retail stores, for example, and customers who shopped in the stores couldn’t always find the same products online. The company now aims for a â€Å"seamless† shopping experience across all sales channels, whether mail order, online, or in-store. The company has also benefited from a new computerized inventory system that gives buyers and salespeople the necessary data to make smarter decisions about what is needed in the stores—and what isn’t. Choosing the right handbags to stock, for example, in the right styles, quantities, and colors, enabled them to sell more items at full price, which in turn improved the bottom line. Eric Nordstrom says that they want a customer’s experience to be â€Å"aspirational and upscale, so people feel they are treating themselves. Therefore, he says, the company refuses to hop on the price-promoting bandwagon. â€Å"We don’t rely on promotions, be it one-day sales, coupons, or ‘friends of friends’ sales. We think our regular pricing has to have integrity. † In 2006 when many retailers were struggling, Nordstrom thrived, posting $8. 6 billion in sales, a 10. 8 percent increase from the year before. â€Å"We have momentum,† Eric Nordstrom s ays, â€Å"but it’s not easy sustaining it. Retailing is not for everybody. It’s a competitive, high-energy business. Every day, you’ve got to open your doors and sell something. Even if it’s just one shoe. SOURCES: Monica Soto Ouchi, â€Å"Sharper Focus Helps Nordstrom,† Seattle Times, February 27, 2007; â€Å"Sticking with the Family Formula,† WWD, May 22, 2006; Dave DeWitte, â€Å"Nordstrom Leader Says Retail Business Is Changing,† Gazette, October 12, 2006; Monica Soto Ouchi, â€Å"Nordstrom Sees a Fashion-Forward Future,† Seattle Times, May 23, 2007; Alexandra DeFelice, â€Å"A Century of Customer Love,† CRM Magazine, June 1, 2005. Open-ended questions 1. What type of retailer is Nordstrom? Describe the characteristics it shares with other retailers of this type. . How would you describe Nordstrom’s level of service on the continuum from full service to self-service? Why? Give an example of a store that woul d be on the opposite end of the continuum and explain their differences. 3. Which of the six components of Nordstrom’s retailing mix do you think have been the most important to the company’s success? Why? 4. What are the primary challenges Nordstrom faces in the current retail climate? How has the competition changed in recent years, along with consumer expectations? CASE ASSIGNMENT: HBO (Chapter # 16) HBO’s Blood Virus When prominent occult film bloggers and fans began receiving strange letters written in dead languages and mailed in wax-sealed black envelopes, a shockwave of curiosity and excitement rippled through the horror-film fandom. A legion of bloggers and message-board posters set to work translating the letters from languages like Babylonian and Ugaritic into English, discovering that the missives led them to a mysterious and macabre Web site featuring an image of a seductive lady vampire. The site advertised a beverage called TruBlood—a synthetic blood developed by the Japanese, which vampires could drink as an alternative to feeding on humans. As visitors explored the site, they discovered short webisodes for the then-upcoming HBO television series that incorporates the TruBlood beverage into its storyline. The letters and Web site were developed as part of a viral marketing campaign by HBO and Campfire Media, an independent agency founded by two of the creators of the successful 1999 film The Blair Witch Project. Viral marketing is the propagation of brand or product awareness through pre-existing social networks, using unconventional media, with the hope that the campaign spreads as a cultural phenomenon. In addition to the letters, Campfire established a fictional blog and MySpace pages written by characters from the show, launched a human–vampire dating service, advertised TruBlood on vending machines, and strategically leaked tidbits of information and multimedia about the show. Campfire employees closely monitored popular horror blogs and message boards in order to gauge and encourage public interest, as well as orchestrate the release of new materials. The campaign was an incredible, if somewhat subversive success—not only did Campfire generate momentous interest in the show, but a number of individuals actually tried to locate a TruBlood distributor. â€Å"We didn’t mean to dupe people,† said Zach Enterlin, HBO’s vice president of advertising and promotions. â€Å"We just wanted a campaign that breaks through and resonates a little bit. It’s a testament to how true to form the ads are. Some people aren’t paying close attention. † Viral marketing campaigns are ideal for shows like True Blood, whose fans fervently share and discuss ideas within Internet communities. In addition, as it’s based on the popular Sookie Stackhouse series of books by Charlaine Harris, True Blood came with an avid built-in fan base of those already familiar with the story. Viral marketing has been a successful part of many advertising campaigns, such as those of 2008 films Cloverfield and The Dark Knight. Cloverfield, a film in which gargantuan monsters rampage through New York City, is captured on handheld video cameras. It was introduced to viewers through an untitled, unexplained teaser trailer that played before 2007’s Transformers movie. As speculation mounted, Cloverfield marketers unveiled a number of enigmatic Web sites, as well as a tie-in campaign for the fictional Slusho! beverage and a Japanese drilling company, both of which play a part in Cloverfield’s mythology. In May of 2007, 42 Entertainment began a viral campaign for The Dark Knight, a sequel to 2005’s Batman Begins. The campaign focused on the film’s antagonists: a Web site titled â€Å"I believe in Harvey Dent† was created as an advertisement for district attorney candidate Harvey Dent (played by Aaron Eckhart), as was a site titled â€Å"I Believe in Harvey Dent Too,† a defiled version of the former which slowly revealed the first image of The Joker (played by Heath Ledger) as visitors sent e-mails through the site. The Joker’s catchphrase â€Å"Why so serious? † spread virally on the Internet, and was used as the URL of a Web site that sent visitors on a Joker-themed scavenger hunt. As True Blood’s premier drew near, HBO and Campfire turned to less obtuse, if still unorthodox, methods of advertisement. A prequel comic book about an elder vampire and the development of the show was handed out for free at 2008’s San Diego Comic-Con, the largest pop cultural convention in the world. The first episode of True Blood was distributed on DVD for free to thousands of moviegoers at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival, and was made available for rental from Blockbuster Video several days before it aired on television. True Blood premiered on HBO on September 7, 2008—six months after Campfire’s subtle marketing campaign began. According to Nielsen Co. , the first three-quarters of 2008 saw HBO’s viewership drop by nearly 23 percent compared to the previous year. However, thanks to interest in new shows such as True Blood, HBO saw a 2. 4 percent increase in fourth-quarter viewership compared to 2007. Without question, the success of True Blood is due in part to the novel marketing developed by Campfire Media. SOURCES: Sam Schechner, â€Å"Winfrey Firm to Produce HBO Shows,† Wall Street Journal, December 17, 2008; Guy Brighton, â€Å"Campfire’s True Blood Campaign,† New York Times, February 19, 2009; Lynette Rice, â€Å"Ad Campaign for HBO’s True Blood Confuses Thirsty Consumers,† Entertainment Weekly, July 22, 2008, www. ew. com (accessed February 23, 2009); www. bloodcopy. com; www. hbo. com/events/trueblood/; Douglas Quenqua, â€Å"The Vampires Are Coming, but Only After Months of Warnings,† New York Times, July 15, 2008; Jeff Beer, â€Å"Campfire Sinks Its Creative Teeth into True Blood,† ttp://creativity-online. com/? action=news:article&newsId=130134§ionName=behind_the_work (accessed February 19, 2009). Open -ended questions 1. What is the communication process for viral marketing? Is it different from conventional marketing? How so? . 2. What was the initial promotional mix of the True Blood campaign, and how might it suggest an o bservance of IMC? 2. Did Cloverfield use a push or pull promotional strategy? What about The Dark Knight? Explain. CASE ASSIGNMENT: Walmart (Chapter 20) How Low Can Drug Prices Go? When Walmart rolled out its new prescription-drug plan in 2006, lowering the prices on 331 commonly prescribed medications to a flat $4, Frank Ganci’s doctor told him to check it out. He has no health insurance and his prescriptions were costing him $110 a month at his local pharmacy, so switching to Walmart meant that he could get the same three medications for $12. Now he says he’s a loyal Walmart customer: â€Å"If they don’t make up the money on prescriptions, they’re going to make it up on my clothes and food purchases. Industry analysts speculate that Walmart is counting on customers like Ganci to spend the money they saved at the pharmacy on other products in the store. Walmart insists that it can earn a profit on the $4 prescriptions alone, however, since more expensive medications are not discounted. â€Å"It can only be in our program if it is profitable,† says Bill Simon, a Walmart CEO. It’s true that pharmacies can buy some types of generics from manufacturers for less than $4. For example, a month’s supply of fluoxetine, the generic version of Prozac, can be obtained for 75 cents. But store overhead and pharmacists’ salaries bring the true cost closer to $15. It would be difficult for smaller pharmacies to match the $4 price point, which has some of Walmart’s competitors complaining that it violates predatory pricing laws. â€Å"You can’t just sell something below your cost to drive out the small guy,† says Rick Sain, co-owner of a drugstore in Tennessee. â€Å"You have to at least set a fair price. That’s what all the states that have fair trade laws in place are looking into it—because you cannot dispense a prescription for $4. They are saying you can. † Walmart later increased the price of certain generic drugs from $4 to $9 in order to bring the company into compliance with all â€Å"low-cost laws,† according to a company statement. John Rector of the National Community Pharmacists Association says, â€Å"We don’t know for certain whether it can make a profit on the $4 drugs so they don’t violate these laws. But we strongly doubt it, and the fact is [raising some prices] gives us insight into what its business practices are. Stores like Target and Kmart quickly lowered their own prices to match Walmart’s, but Walgreens and CVS both announced that their prices would remain the same. Tony Civello, CEO of Kerr Drug, insists, â€Å"We will not treat your prescription like t-shirts and blue jeans. Walmart may choose to use some limited prescription drugs as a loss leader. But our patients’ healthcare is not a loss leader. We will not compromise that. † Bill Vaug han, a policy analyst for Consumers Union, argues that the price slashing is actually step in the right direction. It’s the beginning of better competition in a sector where it’s literally pennies per pill,† he said. When a generic drug is introduced, pharmacies can charge as much as they like for it. One study found that markups were often as high as 4,000 percent. Few people compare drug prices from one pharmacy to the next, so pharmacies are able to mark up prices substantially. Walmart’s prescription program seems to be raising consumer awareness as it demonstrates how low the prices of the drugs can go. The discounts are especially welcome among uninsured Americans and seniors living on fixed incomes. Legislators have listened to constituents who rely on the $4 plan and efforts are under way in states like Colorado and Minnesota to either repeal predatory-pricing laws or exempt prescription drugs from them. The prescriptions in Walmart’s $4 program now make up more than 35 percent of all prescriptions they fill, and the company boasts that the program has saved consumers more than $340 million in drug costs already. Walmart executive H. Lee Scott is enthusiastic about its future, saying, â€Å"The $4 prescription program is absolutely one of the coolest things that we have done in a long time. SOURCES: Martin Sipkoff , â€Å"Walmart, Other Discounters Facing Predatory-Pricing Concerns,† Drug Topics, April 2, 2007; Sue Stock, â€Å"Walmart Drug Plan in N. C. ,† News & Observer, October 20, 2006; Jessie Male, â€Å"Generic Concern: Will Walmart’s $4 Prescriptions Do Much to Change Consumers’ Pharmacy Habits? † Grocery Headquarters, November 1, 2006; Pallavi Gogoi, â€Å"Drug Wars at the Big-Box Stores,† BusinessWeek, May 24, 2007; Milt Freudenheim, â€Å"Side Effects at the Pharmacy,† New York Times, November 30, 2006. Chapter 20 Open-ended questions 1. Do you believe Walmart is engaging in predatory pricing with its $4 generic drug program? Why or why not? 2. Do you think that predatory pricing laws should be amended to exclude prescription drugs? Explain. 3. If you owned a pharmacy next door to a Walmart store, what strategies could you try in order to compete? Would you match their prices if possible, or would you find other ways to add value? What could a small pharmacy like yours offer customers that Walmart’s might not?

The Debate Of Banning The Death Penalty - 877 Words

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